Tom Lehrer

Tom Lehrer
Tom Lehrer
	Tom Lehrer performing in 1960
Background information
Birth name	Thomas Andrew Lehrer
Born	April 9, 1928 (age 91); Manhattan, New York City
Genres	Satire, comedy, science
Occupation(s)	singer-songwriter, satirist, mathematician
Instruments	Vocals, piano
Years active	1945–1971, 1980, 1998
Labels	TransRadio; Lehrer Records; Reprise/Warner Bros. Records; Rhino/Atlantic Records; Shout! Factory
Associated acts	Joe Raposo

Thomas Andrew Lehrer (/ˈlɛərər/; born April 9, 1928) is a retired American musician, singer-songwriter, satirist, and mathematician. He has lectured on mathematics and musical theater. He is best known for the pithy, humorous songs that he recorded in the 1950s and 1960s. His songs often parodied popular musical forms, though he usually created original melodies when doing so. A notable exception is “The Elements“, where he set the names of the chemical elements to the tune of the “Major-General’s Song” from Gilbert and Sullivan‘s Pirates of Penzance.

Lehrer’s early work typically dealt with non-topical subject matter and was noted for its black humor in songs such as “Poisoning Pigeons in the Park”. In the 1960s, he produced a number of songs that dealt with social and political issues of the day, particularly when he wrote for the U.S. version of the television show That Was the Week That Was. The popularity of these songs has endured their topical subjects and references. Lehrer quoted a friend’s explanation: “Always predict the worst and you’ll be hailed as a prophet.”^[1] In the early 1970s, Lehrer largely retired from public performances to devote his time to teaching mathematics and music theater at the University of California, Santa Cruz.

Early life

Tom Lehrer was born in 1928 to a secular Jewish family and grew up in Manhattan‘s Upper East Side.^[2]^[3] He began studying classical piano at the age of seven, but was more interested in the popular music of the age. Eventually, his mother also sent him to a popular-music piano teacher.^[4] At this early age, he began writing show tunes, which eventually helped him as a satirical composer and writer in his years of lecturing at Harvard University noting the influence of one of his professors Irving Kaplansky,^[5]^[6] and later at other universities.^[7]

Lehrer attended the Horace Mann School in Riverdale, New York, part of The Bronx.^[2]^[8] He also attended Camp Androscoggin, both as a camper and a counselor.^[9] Lehrer was considered a child prodigy and entered Harvard College at the age of 15 after graduating from Loomis Chaffee School.^[2] As a mathematics undergraduate student at Harvard College, he began to write comic songs to entertain his friends, including “Fight Fiercely, Harvard” (1945). Those songs were later named collectively The Physical Revue,^[10] a joking reference to a leading scientific journal, the Physical Review.

Academic and military career

Lehrer earned his Bachelor of Arts in mathematics (magna cum laude) from Harvard University in 1946,^[11] where he was the roommate of the Canadian theologian Robert Crouse. He received his MA degree the next year, and was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa.^{[citation needed]} He taught classes at MIT, Harvard, Wellesley, and the University of California, Santa Cruz.^{[citation needed]}

Lehrer remained in Harvard’s doctoral program for several years, taking time out for his musical career and to work as a researcher at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. He was drafted into the U.S. Army from 1955 to 1957, working at the NSA. (Lehrer has stated that he invented the Jell-O Shot during this time, as a means of circumventing the base’s ban on alcoholic beverages.)^[12] These experiences became fodder for songs, e.g., The Wild West Is Where I Want to Be and It Makes a Fellow Proud to Be a Soldier.^[13] It was many years before Lehrer publicly revealed having been assigned to the NSA, since the mere fact of its existence was classified at the time; this left him in the interesting position of implicitly using nuclear weapons work as a cover story for something more sensitive.

Despite holding a master’s degree in an era when American conscripts often lacked a high school diploma, Lehrer served as an enlisted soldier, achieving the rank of Specialist Third Class (later retitled “Specialist-4” and currently “Specialist”), which he described as being a “corporal without portfolio“.^[14] In 1960, Lehrer returned to full-time studies at Harvard,^[8] but in 1965 gave up on his mathematical dissertation about the subject of modes in statistics, after working on it intermittently for 15 years.^[2]

From 1962, he taught in the political science department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).^[15] In 1972, he joined the faculty of the University of California, Santa Cruz, teaching an introductory course entitled The Nature of Mathematics to liberal arts majors—”math for tenors”, according to Lehrer. He also taught a class in musical theater. He occasionally performed songs in his lectures, primarily those relating to the topic.^[6]

In 2001, Lehrer taught his last mathematics class (on the topic of infinity) and retired from academia.^[16]^[17] He has remained in the area, and in 2003 said he still “hangs out” around the University of California, Santa Cruz.^[18]

Mathematical publications

The American Mathematical Society database lists him as co-author of two papers:

R. E. Fagen; T. A. Lehrer (March 1958). “Random walks with restraining barrier as applied to the biased binary counter”. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. 6 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1137/0106001. JSTOR 2098858. MR 0094856.
T. Austin; R. Fagen; T. Lehrer; W. Penney (1957). “The distribution of the number of locally maximal elements in a random sample”. Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 28 (3): 786–790. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177706893. MR 0091251.

Musical career

Style and Influences

Lehrer was mainly influenced by musical theater. According to Gerald Nachman‘s book Seriously Funny,^[19] the Broadway musical Let’s Face It! (by Cole Porter) made an early and lasting impression on him. Lehrer’s style consists of parodying various forms of popular song. For example, his appreciation of list songs led him to write The Elements, which lists the chemical elements to the tune of Gilbert and Sullivan‘s Major-General’s Song.

In author Isaac Asimov‘s second autobiographical volume In Joy Still Felt, Asimov recounted seeing Lehrer perform in a Boston nightclub on October 9, 1954. Lehrer sang cleverly about Jim getting it from Louise, and Sally from Jim, “…and after a while you gathered the ‘it’ was venereal disease [the song was likely “I Got It From Sally” (in later versions “Agnes”)]. Suddenly, as the combinations grew more grotesque, you realized he was satirizing every known perversion without using a single naughty phrase. It was clearly unsingable (in those days) outside a nightclub.” Asimov also recalled a song that dealt with the Boston subway system, making use of the stations leading into town from Harvard, observing that the local subject-matter rendered the song useless for general distribution. Lehrer subsequently granted Asimov permission to print the lyrics to the subway song in his book. “I haven’t gone to nightclubs often,” said Asimov, “but of all the times I have gone, it was on this occasion that I had by far the best time.”^[20]

Recordings

Lehrer was encouraged by the success of his performances, so he paid $15 for some studio time in 1953 to record Songs by Tom Lehrer. The initial pressing was 400 copies. Radio stations would not air his songs because of his controversial subjects, so he sold the album on campus at Harvard for $3 (equivalent to $28.00 today), while “several stores near the Harvard campus sold it for $3.50, taking only a minimal markup as a kind of community service. Newsstands on campus sold it for the same price.”^[21] After one summer, he started to receive mail orders from all parts of the country, as far away as San Francisco, after the San Francisco Chronicle wrote an article on the record. Interest in his recordings spread by word of mouth. People played their records for friends, who then also wanted a copy.^[22] Lehrer recalled, “Lacking exposure in the media, my songs spread slowly. Like herpes, rather than ebola.”^[23]

The album included the macabre “I Hold Your Hand in Mine”, the mildly risqué “Be Prepared”, and “Lobachevsky” regarding plagiarizing mathematicians. It became a cult success by word of mouth, despite being self-published and without promotion. Lehrer embarked on a series of concert tours and recorded a second album in 1959. He released the second album in two versions: the songs were the same, but More of Tom Lehrer was a studio recording and An Evening Wasted with Tom Lehrer was recorded live in concert. In 2013, Lehrer recalled the studio session for “Poisoning Pigeons in the Park”, which referred to the practice of controlling pigeons in Boston with strychnine-treated corn:^[24]

“

The copyist arrived at the last minute with the parts and passed them out to the band… And there was no title on it, and there was no lyrics. And so they ran through it, “What a pleasant little waltz”…. And the engineer said, “‘Poisoning Pigeons in the Park,’ take one,” and the piano player said, “What?” and literally fell off the stool.”^[25]

”

Touring

Lehrer had a breakthrough in the United Kingdom on 4 December 1957, when the University of London awarded a doctor of music degree honoris causa to Princess Margaret, and the public orator, Professor J. R. Sutherland, said it was “in the full knowledge that the Princess is a connoisseur of music and a performer of skill and distinction, her taste being catholic, ranging from Mozart to the calypso and from opera to the songs of Miss Beatrice Lillie and Tom Lehrer.”^[26] This prompted significant interest in Lehrer’s works and helped to secure distributors for his material in Britain. It was there that his music achieved real popularity, as a result of the proliferation of university newspapers referring to the material, and the willingness of the BBC to play his songs on the radio, something that was a rarity in the United States. By the end of the 1950s, Lehrer had sold 370,000 records.^[2]

That Was The Week That Was

In 1960, Lehrer essentially retired from touring in the U.S.^[2] In the early 1960s, he was employed as the resident songwriter for the U.S. edition of That Was The Week That Was (TW3), a satirical television show.^[21] An increased proportion of his output became overtly political, or at least topical, on subjects such as education (“New Math“), the Second Vatican Council (“The Vatican Rag”, a tune based on the 1910 “Spaghetti Rag” by Lyons and Yosco),^[27]^[28]^[29] race relations (“National Brotherhood Week”), air and water pollution (“Pollution”), American militarism (“Send the Marines”), and nuclear proliferation (“Who’s Next?” and “MLF Lullaby”). He also wrote a song satirizing rocket scientist Wernher von Braun, who worked for Nazi Germany before working for the United States. (“‘Once the rockets are up, who cares where they come down? That’s not my department,’ says Wernher von Braun.”) Lehrer did not appear on the television show; vocalist Nancy Ames performed his songs, and network censors often altered his lyrics. Lehrer later performed the songs on the album That Was The Year That Was (1965) so that people could hear them the way that he intended. In 1966, David Frost invited him to contribute some of his classic compositions to his BBC program The Frost Report. The show was transmitted live, and he pre-recorded all his segments at one performance. Lehrer was not featured in every edition, but his songs featured in an appropriate part of each show. At least two of his songs were not included on any of his LPs: a reworking of Noël Coward’s “That is the End of the News” (with some new lyrics) and a comic explanation of how Britain might adapt to the coming of decimal currency.

In the spring of 1960, Lehrer toured Australia and New Zealand, performing a total of 33 concerts to great acclaim.^[21] Yet this occurred during a time in which he was “banned, censored, mentioned in several houses of parliament and threatened with arrest”, in his words. In particular, “Be Prepared” drew advance resistance in Brisbane from the chief of police. He performed several unreleased songs in Australia, including “The Masochism Tango”.^[30]

He made a short tour in Norway and Denmark in 1967, where he performed some of the songs from the television program. The performance in Oslo on September 10 was recorded on video tape and aired locally that autumn, and this program was released on DVD some 40 years later. He performed as a prominent international guest at the Studenterforeningen (student association) in Copenhagen, which was televised, and he commented onstage that he might be America’s “revenge for Victor Borge“.^[31] He performed original songs in a Dodge automobile industrial film distributed primarily to automobile dealers and shown at promotional events in 1967, set in a fictional American wild west town and titled The Dodge Rebellion Theatre presents Ballads For ’67.^[21]^[32] He attempted to adapt Sweeney Todd as a Broadway musical, working with Joe Raposo, to star Jerry Colonna. They started a few songs but, as Lehrer noted, “Nothing ever came of it, and of course twenty years later Stephen Sondheim beat me to the punch.”^[33]

The record deal with Reprise Records for That Was The Year That Was also gave Reprise distribution rights for his earlier recordings, as Lehrer wanted to wind up his own record imprint. The Reprise issue of Songs by Tom Lehrer was a stereo re-recording. This version was not issued on CD, but the songs were issued on the live Tom Lehrer Revisited CD. The live recording included bonus tracks “L-Y” and “Silent E”, two of the ten songs that he wrote for the PBS children’s educational series The Electric Company. Lehrer later commented that worldwide sales of the recordings under Reprise surpassed 1.8 million units in 1996. That same year, That Was The Year That Was went gold.^[22] The album liner notes promote his songs with self-deprecating humor, such as quoting a New York Timesreview from 1958: Mr. Lehrer’s muse is “not fettered by such inhibiting factors as taste.”

Departure from the music scene

In the 1970s, Lehrer concentrated on teaching mathematics and musical theater, although he also wrote ten songs for the educational children’s television show The Electric Company. His last public performance took place in 1972, on a fundraising tour for Democratic US presidential candidate George McGovern.^[2]

There is a false rumor that Lehrer gave up political satire when the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Henry Kissinger in 1973. He did comment that awarding the prize to Kissinger made political satire obsolete,^[34]^[35] but has denied that he stopped creating satire as a form of protest, pointing out that he had not toured for several years previously.^[36] Another mistaken belief is that he was sued for libel by Wernher von Braun, the subject of one of his songs, and forced to relinquish his royalties to von Braun. Lehrer denied this in a 2003 interview.^[18]

When asked about his reasons for abandoning his musical career in an interview in the book accompanying his CD box set, released in 2000, Lehrer cited a simple lack of interest, a disdain of touring, and the monotony of performing the same songs repeatedly. He observed that when he was moved to write and perform songs, he did, and when he was not, he did not, and that after a while he simply lost interest. Even though Lehrer was “a hero of the anti-nuclear, civil rights left,” and covered its political issues in many of his songs, and even though he shared the New Left‘s opposition to the Vietnam War, he disliked the aesthetics of the counterculture of the 1960s and stopped performing as the movement gained momentum.^[2]

Lehrer’s musical career was relatively brief. He once mentioned that he performed a mere 109 shows and wrote 37 songs over 20 years.^[37] Nevertheless, he developed a significant following in the United States and abroad.

Revivals and discographic reissues

Cameron Mackintosh produced Tom Foolery in 1980, a revue of Lehrer’s songs that was a hit on the London stage. Lehrer was not initially involved with the show, but he was pleased with it; he eventually gave the stage production his full support and updated several of his lyrics for the show. Tom Foolery contained 27 songs and led to more than 200 productions,^[22] including an Off-Broadway production at the Village Gate which ran for 120 performances in 1981.^[38] Lehrer made a rare TV appearance on BBC‘s Parkinson show in conjunction with the Tom Foolery premiere in 1980 at the Criterion Theatre in London, where he sang “I Got It from Agnes”.^[39]^[40] In 1993, he wrote “That’s Mathematics” for the closing credits to a Mathematical Sciences Research Institute video^[41] celebrating the proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem.

Lehrer performed in public on June 7 and 8, 1998 for the first time in 25 years at the Lyceum Theatre, London as part of the show Hey, Mr. Producer! celebrating the career of Cameron Mackintosh, who produced Tom Foolery. The June 8 show was his only performance before Queen Elizabeth II. Lehrer sang “Poisoning Pigeons in the Park” and an updated version of the nuclear proliferation song “Who’s Next?”^[42]

The boxed CD set The Remains of Tom Lehrer was released in 2000 by Rhino Entertainment. It included live and studio versions of his first two albums, That Was The Year That Was, the songs that he wrote for The Electric Company, and some previously unreleased material. It was accompanied by a small hardbound book containing an introduction by Dr. Demento and lyrics for all the songs. In 2010, Shout! Factory launched a reissue campaign making Lehrer’s long out of print albums available digitally. The CD/DVD combo The Tom Lehrer Collection was also issued and included his best-known songs, plus a DVD featuring an Oslo concert.^[43]

Musical legacy

Sardonic composer Randy Newman said of Lehrer, “He’s one of the great American songwriters without a doubt, right up there with everybody, the top guys. As a lyricist, as good as there’s been in the last half of the 20th century.”^[25] Singer and comedian Dillie Keane has acknowledged^[44] Lehrer’s influence on her work.

Lehrer was praised by Dr. Demento as “the best musical satirist of the twentieth century.” Other artists who cite Lehrer as an influence include “Weird Al” Yankovic, whose work generally addresses more popular and less technical or political subjects,^[45] and educator and scientist H. Paul Shuch, who tours under the stage name Dr. SETI and calls himself “a cross between Carl Sagan and Tom Lehrer: He sings like Sagan and lectures like Lehrer.”^[46]

Lehrer has commented that he doubts his songs had any real effect on those not already critical of the establishment: “I don’t think this kind of thing has an impact on the unconverted, frankly. It’s not even preaching to the converted; it’s titillating the converted … I’m fond of quoting Peter Cook, who talked about the satirical Berlin kabaretts of the 1930s, which did so much to stop the rise of Hitler and prevent the Second World War.”^[36]

In 2003 he commented that his particular brand of political satire is more difficult in the modern world: “The real issues I don’t think most people touch. The Clinton jokes are all about Monica Lewinsky and all that stuff and not about the important things, like the fact that he wouldn’t ban land mines … I’m not tempted to write a song about George W. Bush. I couldn’t figure out what sort of song I would write. That’s the problem: I don’t want to satirize George Bush and his puppeteers, I want to vaporize them.”^[18]

Gene Weingarten of The Washington Post interviewed Lehrer off the record in a February 2008 phone call. When Weingarten asked if there was anything he could print for the record, Lehrer responded, “Just tell the people that I am voting for Obama.”^[47]

The play Letters from Lehrer by Canadian Richard Greenblatt was performed by him at CanStage in Toronto, from January 16 to February 25, 2006. It followed Lehrer’s musical career, the meaning of several songs, the politics of the time, and Greenblatt’s own experiences with Lehrer’s music, while playing some of Lehrer’s songs. There are currently no plans for more performances, although low-quality audio recordings have been on the Internet.

Stylistically influenced performers include American political satirist Mark Russell,^[48] Canadian comedian and songwriter Randy Vancourt and the British duo Kit and The Widow. British medical satirists Amateur Transplants acknowledge the debt they owe to Lehrer on the back of their first album, Fitness to Practice. Their songs “The Menstrual Rag” and “The Drugs Song” are to the tunes of Lehrer’s “The Vatican Rag” and “The Elements” (the tune of the “Major-General’s Song” from The Pirates of Penzance by Gilbert and Sullivan) respectively. Their second album, Unfit to Practise, opens with an update of Lehrer’s “The Masochism Tango” called “Masochism Tango 2008”.

In 1967, Swedish actor Lars Ekborg, outside Sweden most known for his part in Ingmar Bergman’s Summer with Monika, made an album called I Tom Lehrers vackra värld (“In the beautiful world of Tom Lehrer”), with 12 of Lehrer’s songs interpreted in Swedish. Lehrer wrote in a letter to the producer Per–Anders Boquist that, “Not knowing any Swedish, I am obviously not equipped to judge, but it sounds to me as though Mr. Ekborg is perfect for the songs,” along with further compliments to pianist Leif Asp for unexpected additional flourishes.^[49]

In 1971, Argentinian singer Nacha Guevara sang Spanish versions of several Lehrer songs for the show/live album Este es el año que es.^[50]^[51]

Lehrer’s song “The Old Dope Peddler” is sampled in rapper 2 Chainz‘ song “Dope Peddler”, on his 2012 debut album, Based on a T.R.U. Story. The following year, Lehrer said he was “very proud” to have his song sampled “literally sixty years after I recorded it”. Lehrer went on to describe his official response to the request to use his song: “As sole copyright owner of ‘The Old Dope Peddler’, I grant you motherfuckers permission to do this. Please give my regards to Mr. Chainz, or may I call him 2?”^[25]^[52]

Lehrer has said of his musical career, “If, after hearing my songs, just one human being is inspired to say something nasty to a friend, or perhaps to strike a loved one, it will all have been worth the while.”^[4]

Discography

Studio albums

Songs by Tom Lehrer (1953), re-recorded in 1966
More of Tom Lehrer (1959)
An Evening Wasted with Tom Lehrer (1959)
Revisited (1960)
That Was the Year That Was (1965)

Compilation albums

Tom Lehrer Discovers Australia (And Vice Versa) (1960; Australia-only)
Tom Lehrer in Concert (1994; UK compilation)
Songs & More Songs by Tom Lehrer (1997; US compilation of his first two studio albums with additional songs)
The Remains of Tom Lehrer (2000)
The Tom Lehrer Collection (2010)

Many songs are performed (but not by Lehrer) in That Was The Week That Was (Radiola LP, 1981)

The sheet music of many songs is published in The Tom Lehrer Song Book (Crown Publishers Inc., 1954) Library of Congress Card Catalog Number 54-12068 and Too Many Songs by Tom Lehrer: with not enough drawings by Ronald Searle (Pantheon, 1981, ISBN 0-394-74930-8; Methuen, 1999, ISBN 978-0-413-74230-8). A second song book, Tom Lehrer’s Second Song Book, is out of print, ISBN 978-0517502167.

Lehrer wrote The SAC Song, which was sung in the 1963 film A Gathering of Eagles.^[53]

References …

External links

The Tom Lehrer Web Site
Tom Lehrer page on The Demented Music Database—includes biography; song lyrics; exhaustive (and exhausting) discography; and other miscellanea
Tom Lehrer Annotated Song Lyrics, many with MIDI files, collected by Graeme Cree
“Bob Claster’s Funny Stuff” 59-minute radio program from 1983, with a telephone interview with Tom Lehrer, with a 10-minute 1989 follow-up. From KCRW.
A Conversation with Tom Lehrer done by Paul D. Lehrman on September 7, 1997
A little Tom Lehrer love – while article focuses on musical review ‘Viva La Lehrer’, it also discusses Lehrer’s aversion to publicity
Long-Lost Interview/Web Chat? – provides both a short interview snippet from a 17 January 1999 interview wherein Lehrer rhymes both ‘nostril’ and ‘orange’ (tho not with each other,) and a full interview from June 17, 1997.
Tom Lehrer Music Community
“Tom Lehrer is Almost 28 Today” – includes several links to YouTube videos
Tom Lehrer interview on BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs, July 18, 1980
The Tom Lehrer Wisdom Channel on YouTube
Nature April 4 2018 Tom Lehrer at 90
Interview with Tom Lehrer by the Library of Congress on July 22, 2015

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Lehrer

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Aug 2019	Aug 2018	Programming Language	Ratings	Change
1	1	Java	16.028%	-0.85%
2	2	C	15.154%	+0.19%
3	4	Python	10.020%	+3.03%
4	3	C++	6.057%	-1.41%
5	6	C#	3.842%	+0.30%
6	5	Visual Basic .NET	3.695%	-1.07%
7	8	JavaScript	2.258%	-0.15%
8	7	PHP	2.075%	-0.85%
9	14	Objective-C	1.690%	+0.33%
10	9	SQL	1.625%	-0.69%
11	15	Ruby	1.316%	+0.13%
12	13	MATLAB	1.274%	-0.09%
13	44	Groovy	1.225%	+1.04%
14	12	Delphi/Object Pascal	1.194%	-0.18%
15	10	Assembly language	1.114%	-0.30%
16	19	Visual Basic	1.025%	+0.10%
17	17	Go	0.973%	-0.02%
18	11	Swift	0.890%	-0.49%
19	16	Perl	0.860%	-0.31%
20	18	R	0.822%	-0.14%

Position	Programming Language	Ratings
21	D	0.807%
22	SAS	0.798%
23	PL/SQL	0.745%
24	Dart	0.715%
25	ABAP	0.498%
26	F#	0.476%
27	Logo	0.465%
28	Rust	0.450%
29	Scratch	0.448%
30	Lua	0.414%
31	Transact-SQL	0.399%
32	COBOL	0.369%
33	Fortran	0.364%
34	Lisp	0.362%
35	TypeScript	0.333%
36	Scala	0.311%
37	Ada	0.296%
38	ActionScript	0.288%
39	Julia	0.279%
40	Scheme	0.278%
41	RPG	0.272%
42	Prolog	0.267%
43	PostScript	0.254%
44	VBScript	0.243%
45	Kotlin	0.225%
46	Awk	0.204%
47	Apex	0.189%
48	Bash	0.187%
49	Haskell	0.174%
50	PowerShell	0.166%

Year	Winner
2018	Python
2017	C
2016	Go
2015	Java
2014	JavaScript
2013	Transact-SQL
2012	Objective-C
2011	Objective-C
2010	Python
2009	Go
2008	C
2007	Python
2006	Ruby
2005	Java
2004	PHP
2003	C++

Sharyl Attkisson
Attkisson on a USAF B-52 in 1999
Born	Sharyl Lynn Thompson 26 January 1961 (age 57) Sarasota, Florida, U.S.
Residence	Leesburg, Virginia
Education	Riverview High School University of Florida
Occupation	Writer, journalist, television correspondent
Spouse(s)	James Howard Attkisson (m. 1984)
Children	daughter (born ~1995)
Website	sharylattkisson.com fullmeasure.news
Notes
^[1]^[2]^[3]

Lawrence B. Lindsey


4th Director of the National Economic Council
In office January 20, 2001 – December 12, 2002
President	George W. Bush
Preceded by	Gene Sperling
Succeeded by	Steve Friedman
Personal details
Born	July 18, 1954 (age 64) Peekskill, New York, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Susan Lindsey (Divorced 2013)
Children	3
Residence	Clifton, Virginia
Education	Bowdoin College (BA) Harvard University (MA, PhD)

Date(s) conducted	Right	Wrong	Undecided	Lead	Sample	Conducted by	Polling type
8-9 Jul 2018	Brexit Secretary David Davis and Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson resign.^[302]
8-9 Jul 2018	42%	46%	12%	4%	1,669	YouGov	Online
6 Jul 2018	The UK Cabinet agrees the Chequers Statement, setting out a proposal on the future UK-EU relationship.^[303]
3-4 Jul 2018	41%	46%	13%	5%	1,641	YouGov	Online
25-26 Jun 2018	43%	46%	11%	3%	1,645	YouGov	Online
19-20 Jun 2018	44%	45%	11%	1%	1,663	YouGov	Online
18-19 Jun 2018	43%	44%	13%	1%	1,606	YouGov	Online
11-12 Jun 2018	43%	46%	12%	3%	1,638	YouGov	Online
4-5 Jun 2018	44%	44%	13%	0%	1,619	YouGov	Online
28-29 May 2018	40%	47%	13%	7%	1,670	YouGov	Online
20-21 May 2018	43%	44%	13%	1%	1,660	YouGov	Online
13-14 May 2018	44%	45%	12%	1%	1,634	YouGov	Online
8-9 May 2018	43%	45%	12%	2%	1,648	YouGov	Online
30 Apr-1 May 2018	42%	47%	11%	5%	1,585	YouGov	Online
24-25 Apr 2018	42%	45%	13%	3%	1,668	YouGov	Online
16-17 Apr 2018	42%	45%	13%	3%	1,631	YouGov	Online
9-10 Apr 2018	42%	46%	12%	4%	1,639	YouGov	Online
26-27 Mar 2018	42%	45%	13%	3%	1,659	YouGov	Online
5-6 Mar 2018	43%	45%	12%	2%	1,641	YouGov	Online
2 Mar 2018	Theresa May makes Mansion House speech, outlining the UK Government’s policy on the future UK-EU relationship.^[304]
26-27 Feb 2018	44%	45%	11%	1%	1,622	YouGov	Online
19-20 Feb 2018	42%	45%	12%	3%	1,650	YouGov	Online
12-13 Feb 2018	42%	46%	12%	4%	1,639	YouGov	Online
5-6 Feb 2018	43%	44%	13%	1%	2,000	YouGov	Online
28-29 Jan 2018	40%	46%	14%	6%	1,669	YouGov	Online
16-17 Jan 2018	45%	44%	12%	1%	1,672	YouGov	Online
7-8 Jan 2018	42%	46%	12%	4%	1,663	YouGov	Online
19-20 Dec 2017	42%	45%	12%	3%	1,610	YouGov	Online
15 Dec 2017	The European Council decides to proceed to the second phase of the Brexit negotiations.^[305]
10-11 Dec 2017	44%	45%	11%	1%	1,680	YouGov	Online
4-5 Dec 2017	42%	45%	13%	3%	1,638	YouGov	Online
7-8 Nov 2017	42%	46%	12%	4%	2,012	YouGov	Online
23-24 Oct 2017	43%	45%	12%	2%	1,637	YouGov	Online
18-19 Oct 2017	42%	45%	14%	3%	1,648	YouGov	Online
10-11 Oct 2017	42%	47%	11%	5%	1,680	YouGov	Online
22-24 Sep 2017	44%	45%	11%	1%	1,716	YouGov	Online
22 Sep 2017	Theresa May makes Florence speech, in an attempt to ‘unblock’ the Brexit negotiations.^[306]
30-31 Aug 2017	44%	44%	12%	0%	1,658	YouGov	Online
21-22 Aug 2017	43%	45%	11%	2%	1,664	YouGov	Online
31 Jul-1 Aug 2017	45%	45%	10%	0%	1,665	YouGov	Online
18-19 Jul 2017	43%	43%	14%	0%	1,593	YouGov	Online
10-11 Jul 2017	45%	43%	12%	2%	1,700	YouGov	Online
21-22 Jun 2017	44%	45%	11%	1%	1,670	YouGov	Online
19 Jun 2017	Brexit negotiations begin.^[307]
12-13 Jun 2017	44%	45%	11%	1%	1,651	YouGov	Online
8 Jun 2017	United Kingdom general election, 2017
5-7 Jun 2017	45%	45%	10%	0%	2,130	YouGov	Online
30-31 May 2017	44%	45%	11%	1%	1,875	YouGov	Online
24-25 May 2017	46%	43%	11%	3%	2,052	YouGov	Online
16-17 May 2017	46%	43%	11%	3%	1,861	YouGov	Online
3-14 May 2017	45%	41%	14%	4%	1,952	GfK	Online
9-10 May 2017	44%	45%	11%	1%	1,651	YouGov	Online
2-3 May 2017	46%	43%	11%	3%	2,066	YouGov	Online
25-26 Apr 2017	43%	45%	12%	2%	1,590	YouGov	Online
20-21 Apr 2017	44%	44%	12%	0%	1,590	YouGov	Online
18-19 Apr 2017	46%	43%	11%	3%	1,727	YouGov	Online
12-13 Apr 2017	45%	43%	12%	2%	2,069	YouGov	Online
5-6 Apr 2017	46%	42%	11%	4%	1,651	YouGov	Online
29 Mar 2017	The United Kingdom invokes Article 50.^[308]
26-27 Mar 2017	44%	43%	13%	1%	1,957	YouGov	Online
20-21 Mar 2017	44%	44%	12%	0%	1,627	YouGov	Online
1-15 Mar 2017	46%	41%	13%	5%	1,938	GfK	Online
13-14 Mar 2017	44%	42%	15%	2%	1,631	YouGov	Online
10-14 Mar 2017	49%	41%	10%	8%	2,003	Opinium	Online
27-28 Feb 2017	45%	44%	11%	1%	1,666	YouGov	Online
21-22 Feb 2017	45%	45%	10%	0%	2,060	YouGov	Online
12-13 Feb 2017	46%	42%	12%	4%	2,052	YouGov	Online
30-31 Jan 2017	45%	42%	12%	3%	1,705	YouGov	Online
17-18 Jan 2017	46%	42%	12%	4%	1,654	YouGov	Online
17 Jan 2017	Theresa May makes Lancaster House speech, setting out the UK Government’s negotiating priorities.^[309]
9-12 Jan 2017	52%	39%	9%	13%	2,005	Opinium	Online
9-10 Jan 2017	46%	42%	12%	4%	1,660	YouGov	Online
3-4 Jan 2017	45%	44%	11%	1%	1,740	YouGov	Online
18-19 Dec 2016	44%	44%	12%	0%	1,595	YouGov	Online
4-5 Dec 2016	44%	42%	14%	2%	1,667	YouGov	Online
28-29 Nov 2016	44%	45%	11%	1%	1,624	YouGov	Online
14-15 Nov 2016	46%	43%	11%	3%	1,717	YouGov	Online
19-20 Oct 2016	45%	44%	11%	1%	1,608	YouGov	Online
11-12 Oct 2016	45%	44%	11%	1%	1,669	YouGov	Online
2 Oct 2016	Theresa May makes Conservative Party Conference speech, announcing her intention to invoke Article 50 by 31 March 2017.^[310]
13-14 Sep 2016	46%	44%	10%	2%	1,732	YouGov	Online
30-31 Aug 2016	47%	44%	9%	3%	1,687	YouGov	Online
22-23 Aug 2016	45%	43%	12%	2%	1,660	YouGov	Online
16-17 Aug 2016	46%	43%	11%	3%	1,677	YouGov	Online
8-9 Aug 2016	45%	44%	12%	1%	1,692	YouGov	Online
1-2 Aug 2016	46%	42%	12%	4%	1,722	YouGov	Online
13 Jul 2016	Theresa May becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.^[311]
v t e

Date(s) conducted	Remain	Leave	Neither	Lead	Sample	Conducted by	Polling type
15 Dec 2017	The European Council decides to proceed to the second phase of the Brexit negotiations.^[312]
8-10 Dec 2017	46%	43%	12%	3%	2,006	ICM	Online
5-8 Dec 2017	51%	41%	8%	10%	1,509	BMG Research	Online
30 Nov-1 Dec 2017	49%	46%	6%	3%	1,003	Survation	Online
14-17 Nov 2017	45%	45%	10%	0%	1,509	BMG Research	Online
18-24 Oct 2017	44%	40%	16%	4%	1,648	YouGov	Online
19-20 Oct 2017	46%	45%	9%	1%	1,005	Opinium	Online
17-20 Oct 2017	47%	44%	8%	3%	1,506	BMG Research	Online
4-5 Oct 2017	49%	45%	6%	4%	2,047	Survation	Online
23 Sep 2017	46%	47%	6%	1%	1,174	Survation	Online
22 Sep 2017	Theresa May makes Florence speech, in an attempt to ‘unblock’ the Brexit negotiations.^[313]
19-22 Sep 2017	45%	44%	12%	1%	2,004	Opinium	Online
15-20 Sep 2017	47%	47%	5%	0%	1,614	Survation	Online
12-15 Sep 2017	47%	43%	10%	4%	1,447	BMG Research	Online
12-15 Sep 2017	45%	45%	10%	0%	2,009	Opinium	Online
15-18 Aug 2017	47%	44%	9%	3%	2,006	Opinium	Online
8-11 Aug 2017	46%	45%	9%	1%	1,512	BMG Research	Online
23-24 Jul 2017	46%	43%	11%	3%	1,609	YouGov	Online
14-15 Jul 2017	47%	48%	5%	1%	1,024	Survation	Online
11-14 Jul 2017	46%	45%	9%	1%	1,518	BMG Research	Online
28-30 Jun 2017	52%	44%	5%	8%	1,017	Survation	Telephone
23-30 Jun 2017	46%	42%	13%	4%	1,661	YouGov	Online
16-21 Jun 2017	46%	50%	4%	4%	5,481	Panelbase	Online
19 Jun 2017	Brexit negotiations begin.^[314]
16-17 Jun 2017	50%	48%	3%	2%	1,005	Survation	Online
10 Jun 2017	48%	46%	6%	2%	1,036	Survation	Online
8 Jun 2017	United Kingdom general election, 2017
2-7 Jun 2017	46%	51%	3%	5%	3,018	Panelbase	Online
2-5 Jun 2017	47%	44%	9%	3%	1,503	BMG Research	Online
26 May-1 Jun 2017	47%	49%	4%	2%	1,224	Panelbase	Online
25-30 May 2017	35%	38%	27%	3%	1,199	Kantar TNS	Online
19-22 May 2017	45%	45%	10%	0%	1,499	BMG Research	Online
12-15 May 2017	47%	50%	3%	3%	1,026	Panelbase	Online
5-9 May 2017	47%	49%	4%	2%	1,027	Panelbase	Online
28 Apr-2 May 2017	48%	49%	3%	1%	1,034	Panelbase	Online
21-24 Apr 2017	45%	45%	10%	0%	1,552	BMG Research	Online
20-24 Apr 2017	46%	50%	4%	4%	1,026	Panelbase	Online
28-31 Mar 2017	46%	46%	8%	0%	1,576	BMG Research	Online
23-30 Mar 2017	44%	43%	14%	1%	1,643	YouGov	Online
29 Mar 2017	The United Kingdom invokes Article 50.^[315]
21-24 Feb 2017	45%	46%	9%	1%	1,543	BMG Research	Online
19-24 Jan 2017	43%	44%	13%	1%	1,643	YouGov	Online
17 Jan 2017	Theresa May makes Lancaster House speech, setting out the UK Government’s negotiating priorities.^[316]
6-9 Jan 2017	44%	45%	11%	1%	1,520	BMG Research	Online
14-21 Dec 2016	44%	43%	13%	1%	1,569	YouGov	Online
6-9 Dec 2016	43%	46%	11%	3%	1,532	BMG Research	Online
25-27 Nov 2016	46%	47%	6%	1%	2,035	ComRes	Online
22-25 Nov 2016	43%	43%	14%	0%	1,523	BMG Research	Online
20-25 Oct 2016	44%	43%	13%	1%	1,631	YouGov	Online
19-24 Oct 2016	45%	43%	12%	2%	1,546	BMG Research	Online
10-12 Oct 2016	44%	44%	12%	0%	1,002	Survation	Online
2 Oct 2016	Theresa May makes Conservative Party Conference speech, announcing her intention to invoke Article 50 by 31 March 2017.^[317]
16-20 Sep 2016	42%	46%	11%	4%	1,601	YouGov	Online
31 Aug-9 Sep 2016	43%	45%	13%	2%	1,711	YouGov	Online
20-27 Jul 2016	43%	44%	13%	1%	1,673	YouGov	Online
13 Jul 2016	Theresa May becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.^[318]
3-4 Jul 2016	45%	45%	10%	0%	1,820	YouGov	Online
29-30 Jun 2016	48%	42%	9%	6%	2,006	Opinium	Online
29-30 Jun 2016	45%	37%	19%	8%	1,017	BMG Research	Online
23 Jun 2016	United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016
v t e

Seal of the U.S. Senior Executive Service
Flag of the U.S. Senior Executive Service

	Minimum	Maximum
Agencies with a Certified SES Performance Appraisal System	$121,956	$183,300
Agencies without a Certified SES Performance Appraisal System	$121,956	$168,700

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Paul Ekman

Born	February 15, 1934 (age 83) Washington, D.C.
Residence	United States
Known for	Microexpressions, Lie to Me
Spouse(s)	Mary Ann Mason, J.D., Ph.D.
Awards	Named by the American Psychological Association as one of the most influential psychologists of the 20th century based on publications, citations and awards (2001) Honorary Degree, University of Fernando Pessoa, Portugal (2007) Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, Adelphi University (2008) Honorary Degree, University of Geneva, Switzerland (2008) Named of the 100 Most Influential People in the World by Time Magazine (2009) Honorary Degree, Lund University, Sweden (2011)
Scientific career
Fields	Psychology Anthropology
Doctoral advisor	John Amsden Starkweather
Influences	Charles Darwin, Silvan Tomkins

Ann Coulter
Coulter at the 2013 Conservative Political Action Conference.
Born	Ann Hart Coulter December 8, 1961 (age 55) New York City, New York, U.S.
Nationality	American
Alma mater	Cornell University(BA) University of Michigan(JD)
Occupation	Author, columnist, political commentator
Political party	Republican^[1]
Website	anncoulter.com
Signature

Agency overview
Seal of the National Security Agency
Flag of the National Security Agency
NSA Headquarters, Fort Meade, Maryland
Formed	November 4, 1952; 64 years ago^[1]
Preceding agency	Armed Forces Security Agency
Headquarters	Fort Meade, Maryland, U.S. 39°6′32″N 76°46′17″WCoordinates: 39°6′32″N 76°46′17″W
Motto	“Defending Our Nation. Securing The Future.”
Employees	Classified (30,000–40,000 estimate)^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]
Annual budget	Classified (estimated $10.8 billion, 2013)^[6]^[7]
Agency executives	Admiral Michael S. Rogers, U.S. Navy, Director of the National Security Agency Richard Ledgett, Deputy Director of the National Security Agency
Parent agency	United States Department of Defense
Website	www.nsa.gov

Milton Friedman
Friedman in 2004
Born	July 31, 1912 Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Died	November 16, 2006 (aged 94) San Francisco, California, U.S.
Nationality	American
Spouse(s)	Rose Friedman

Institution	Hoover Institution (1977–2006) Columbia University (1964–65) University of Chicago (1946–77) University of Cambridge (1954–55) University of Wisconsin, Madison (1940) Columbia University (1937–41; 1943–45) National Bureau of Economic Research (1937–40)
School or tradition	Chicago School
Alma mater	Columbia University (PhD) University of Chicago (MA) Rutgers University (BA)
Doctoral advisor	Simon Kuznets
Doctoral students	Phillip Cagan Harry Markowitz Lester G. Telser^[1] David I. Meiselman Neil Wallace Miguel Sidrauski
Influences	Smith Mill Fisher Paine Knight Kuznets Viner Hotelling Burns Hayek H. Jones H. C. Simons Stigler Schultz George
Influenced	Thatcher^[2] Becker Laar Greenspan Schwartz Bernanke DeLong Sowell Stein de Soto Polar Buckley Friedman Sumner Reagan^[3] Ron Paul Rand Paul Williams Cato Institute Pinochet and Chicago Boys Fraser Institute
Contributions	Price theory · Monetarism Applied macroeconomics Floating exchange rates Permanent income hypothesis Volunteer military Natural rate of unemployment ·Friedman test
Awards	National Medal of Science (1988) Presidential Medal of Freedom (1988) Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (1976) John Bates Clark Medal (1951)
Information at IDEAS / RePEc
Signature

Notes
Children: David D. Friedman

Robert Mundell

Born	October 24, 1932 (age 84) Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Nationality	Canadian

Institution	Johns Hopkins University (1959–61, 1997–98, 2000–01) University of Chicago (1965–72) Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, Switzerland (1965–75) ^[1] University of Waterloo (1972–74) McGill University (1989–1990)^[2] Columbia University (1974 – present) Chinese University of Hong Kong (2009 – present)
Field	Monetary economics
School or tradition	Supply-side economics
Alma mater	London School of Economics UBC Vancouver School of Economics University of Washington Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Waterloo
Doctoral advisor	Charles Kindleberger^[3]
Doctoral students	Jacob A. Frenkel Rudi Dornbusch^[4] Carmen Reinhart^[5]
Influences	Ludwig Von Mises
Influenced	Arthur Laffer Jude Wanniski Michael Mussa
Contributions	Mundell–Fleming model Optimum currency areas Research on the gold standard
Awards	Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics (1999)
Information at IDEAS / RePEc

Richard Arvin Overton
Overton in 2013
Nickname(s)	Arvin
Born	May 11, 1906 (age 112 years, 50 days) Bastrop County, Texas, U.S.
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1940–45
Rank	Technician fifth grade^[1]
Unit	1887th Engineer Aviation Battalion (Colored)
Battles/wars	World War II South Pacific Theater
Awards	Meritorious Unit Commendation U.S. Army Good Conduct Medal American Campaign Medal Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal World War II Victory Medal Expert Rifle Marksmanship Badge

National Security Agencysurveillance
Map of global NSA data collection
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Chicago school of economics
Part of a series on the
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Conservatism in the United States
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David Horowitz
Horowitz in February 2011
Born	David Joel Horowitz January 10, 1939 (age 78) Forest Hills, Queens, New York, U.S.
Occupation	Conservative activist, writer
Nationality	United States
Education	MA, University of California at Berkeley BA, Columbia University
Spouse	Elissa Krauthamer (1959–19??; 4 children); Sam Moorman (divorced); Shay Marlowe (1990–?; divorced); April Mullvain Horowitz (current)
Children	Jonathan Daniel Ben Horowitz Anne Pilat Sarah Rose Horowitz (deceased)^[1]

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The Chicago Way – The Untouchables (2/10) Movie CLIP

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“Uncle” Bob Martin – “The Future of Programming”

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Artificial Intelligence, the History and Future – with Chris Bishop

A New Philosophy on Artificial Intelligence | Kristian Hammond | TEDxNorthwesternU

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Deep Learning Tutorial with Python | Machine Learning with Neural Networks [Top Udemy Instructor]

Elon Musk: Tesla Autopilot | Artificial Intelligence (AI) Podcast

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Tom Lehrer: The Vatican Rag (concert live) (1965)

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MIT Self-Driving Cars: State of the Art (2019)

MIT Deep Learning Basics: Introduction and Overview

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