Viktor Frankl

Viktor Frankl
Viktor Frankl
Born	Viktor Emil Frankl 26 March 1905 Vienna, Austria-Hungary
Died	2 September 1997 (aged 92) Vienna, Austria
Resting place	Zentralfriedhof, Vienna, Austria, Old Jewish Section
Nationality	Austrian
Education	Doctorate in Medicine, 1925, Doctorate in Philosophy, 1948
Alma mater	University of Vienna
Occupation	Neurologist, psychiatrist
Known for	Logotherapy; Existential analysis
Spouse(s)	Tilly Grosser, m. 1941; Eleonore Katharina Schwindt, m. 1947
Children	Gabriele Frankl-Vesely
Parent(s)	Gabriel Frankl and Elsa Frankl

Viktor Emil Frankl (26 March 1905 – 2 September 1997)^[1]^[2] was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist as well as a Holocaust survivor. He survived Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, Kaufering and Türkheim. Frankl was the founder of logotherapy, which is a form of existential analysis, the “Third Viennese School of Psychotherapy“. His best-selling book Man’s Search for Meaning (published under a different title in 1959: From Death-Camp to Existentialism, and originally published in 1946 as Trotzdem Ja Zum Leben Sagen: Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager, meaning Nevertheless, Say “Yes” to Life: A Psychologist Experiences the Concentration Camp) chronicles his experiences as a concentration camp inmate, which led him to discover the importance of finding meaning in all forms of existence, even the most brutal ones, and thus, a reason to continue living. Man’s Search for Meaning has sold over 12 million copies and has been translated into 24 different languages.^[3] Frankl became one of the key figures in existential therapy and a prominent source of inspiration for humanistic psychologists.^[4]

Frankl has been the subject of criticism from several holocaust analysts^[5]^[6] who questioned the levels of Nazi accommodation that the ideology of logotherapy has and Frankl personally willingly pursued in the time periods before Frankl’s internment, when Frankl voluntarily requested to perform unskilled lobotomy experiments approved by the Nazis on Jews,^[7] to the time period of his internment, in what is hinted upon in Frankl’s own autobiographical account and later under the investigative light of biographical research.^[8]^[9]

Life before 1945

Frankl was born in Vienna into a Jewish family of civil servants (Beamtenfamilie). His interest in psychology surfaced early. For the final exam (Matura) in Gymnasium, he wrote a paper on the psychology of philosophical thinking. After graduation from Gymnasium in 1923, he studied medicine at the University of Vienna. In practice he specialized in neurology and psychiatry, concentrating on the topics of depression and suicide. His early development was influenced by his contacts with Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler, although he would diverge from their teachings.^[3]^[4]

Physician, therapist

During part of 1924 he became the president of the Sozialistische Mittelschüler Österreich, a Social Democratic youth movement for high school students throughout Austria.^[1]^:59

Between 1928 and 1930, while still a medical student, he organized and offered a special program to counsel high school students free of charge. The program involved the participation of psychologists such as Charlotte Bühler, and it paid special attention to students at the time when they received their report cards. In 1931, not a single Viennese student committed suicide. The success of this program grabbed the attention of the likes of Wilhelm Reich who invited him to Berlin.^[2]^[10]^{[promotional source?]}^[11]^{[non-primary source needed]}

From 1933 to 1937, Frankl completed his residency in neurology and psychiatry at the Steinhof Psychiatric Hospital in Vienna. He was responsible for the so-called Selbstmörderpavillon, or “suicide pavilion”. Here, he treated more than 3000 women who had suicidal tendencies.^[2]^{[unreliable medical source?]} In 1937, he established an independent private practice in neurology and psychiatry at Alser Strasse 32/12 in Vienna.^[2]

Beginning with the Nazi takeover of Austria in 1938, he was prohibited from treating “Aryan” patients due to his Jewish identity. In 1940 he started working at the Rothschild Hospital, where he headed its neurological department. This hospital was the only one in Vienna to which Jews were still admitted. His medical opinions (including deliberately false diagnoses^[12]^{[better source needed]}) saved several patients^{[example needed]} from being euthanised via the Nazi euthanasia program.^{[citation needed]} In December 1941 he married Tilly Grosser.^[2]^[4]

Prisoner, therapist

On 25 September 1942, Frankl, his wife, and his parents were deported to the Nazi Theresienstadt Ghetto in Occupied Czechoslovakia. This Ghetto which housed many of the Jewish middle class, as a “model community” was set up by the Schutzstaffel (SS) with the expressed purpose of fooling Red Cross representatives about the ongoing slave labor, the Holocaust, and, later, the Nazi plan to murder all Jews.^[13] There, within the Cultural life of the Theresienstadt ghetto, Frankl worked as a general practitioner in a clinic and wrote and gave lectures. When his skills in psychiatry were noticed by the Nazis, he was assigned to the psychiatric care ward in Block B IV, establishing a camp service of “psychohygiene” or mental health care. He organized a unit to help camp newcomers to overcome shockand grief. Later he set up a suicide watch, assisted by Regina Jonas.^[2]^[14]

On 29 July 1943, Frankl organized a closed event for the Scientific Society in the Theresienstadt Ghetto, and with the help of the equally controversial Judenrat/Jewish collaborator Leo Baeck,^[15]^[16] Frankl offered a series of lectures, including “Sleep and Sleep Disturbances”, “Body and Soul”, “Medical Care of the Soul”, “Psychology of Mountaineering”, “How to keep my nerves healthy?”, “Medical ministry”, “Existential Problems in Psychotherapy”, and “Social Psychotherapy”.^[14] Biographers state that Frankl’s father Gabriel, starved to death at Theresienstadt,^[17] by Frankl’s account he died of pulmonary edema and pneumonia.^[2]^[4]^[14]

On 19 October 1944, Frankl, his wife Tilly, Regina Jonas and many others from the Theresienstadt Ghetto, were transported to the Auschwitz death camp in occupied Poland, where he was processed.^{[citation needed]} On 25 October, Frankl is listed as arriving in the southern German Kaufering III, of XI labor camp,^[17] which held up to 2,000 male prisoners in earthen huts, who upon its opening in June of that year, the prisoners were required to construct a transport route to connect underground aircraft factories, laying the infrastructure for the mass production of the world’s first jet-powered Messerschmitt Me 262 bomber destroyer, the Nazi response, to regain vital air supremacy, under the growingly unopposed effectiveness of Allied bombing upon the Nazi armament industry.^[18]^[19]^[20]According to Frankl, his feats of physical initiative at this work camp were such that they did not go unnoticed and he was gifted “premium coupons” in late 1944.^[17] According to Frankl’s autobiography, when infected with the ubiquitous typhoid,^[2]^[4] he was allowed to leave the work camp and was offered a move to the so-called rest camp of Türkheim, prison records list his departure from Kaufering as 8 March 1945.^[17] Frankl states that in Turkheim he was placed in charge of fifty men with typhus, it was here he rose to the position of “senior block warden” and began writing his book anew, until 27 April 1945, when the camp was liberated by American soldiers.^[17]

Frankl’s mother Elsa and brother Walter were murdered at Auschwitz. Frankl’s wife was similarly transported out of Auschwitz and moved to Bergen-Belsen, a facility that housed a considerable number of women and minors, including Anne Frank, where they were forced to work in the shoe recycling labor camp; she would similarly be murdered, from the brutal conditions sometime close to the time of its liberation in 1945.^[17] The only survivor of the Holocaust among Frankl’s immediate family was his sister, Stella, who had emigrated from Austria to Australia.^[2]^[4]

Life after 1945

Liberated after several months in concentration camps, Frankl returned to Vienna, where he dictated to stenographer-typists his well known work, “the flood gates had opened”, completing the book, by 1946.^[17] Frankl then published his world-famous book entitled, Trotzdem Ja Zum Leben Sagen: Ein Psychologe Erlebt das Konzentrationslager (“Saying Yes to Life in Spite of Everything: A Psychologist Experiences the Concentration Camp”), known in English by the title Man’s Search for Meaning (1959 title: From Death-Camp to Existentialism).^[21] In this book, he described the life of an ordinary concentration camp inmate from the objective perspective of a psychiatrist.^[4]^[22] Frankl believed that people are primarily driven by a “striving to find meaning in one’s life,” and that it is this sense of meaning that enables people to overcome painful experiences.

After enduring the suffering in these camps, Frankl concluded that even in the most absurd, painful, and dehumanized situation, life has potential meaning and that, therefore, even suffering is meaningful. This conclusion served as a basis for his logotherapy and existential analysis, which Frankl had described before World War II. He said, “What is to give light must endure burning.”^[23]

Frankl’s concentration camp experiences shaped both his therapeutic approach and philosophical outlook, as reflected in his seminal publications.

He often said that even within the narrow boundaries of the concentration camps he found only two races of Men to exist: decent ones and unprincipled ones. These were to be found in all classes, ethnicities, and groups. “Under such conditions, who could blame them for trying to dope themselves?” “These were the men who were employed in the gas chambers and crematoriums, and who knew very well that one day they would have to leave their enforced role of executioner and become victims themselves.”^[22]

In 1946, he was appointed to run the Vienna Polyclinic of Neurology. He remained there until 1971. In 1947 he married his second wife Eleonore Katharina Schwindt. She was a practicing Catholic and the couple respected each other’s religious backgrounds, going to both church and synagogue, and celebrating Christmas and Hanukah. They had one daughter, Gabriele, who went on to become a child psychologist.^[2]^[4]^[24]

In 1948, Frankl earned a Ph.D. in philosophy. His dissertation, The Unconscious God, is an examination of the relation of psychology and religion.^[25]

Grave of Viktor Frankl in Vienna

In 1955, he was awarded a professorship of neurology and psychiatry at the University of Vienna, and as visiting professor, he resided at Harvard University (1961), at Southern Methodist University, Dallas (1966), and at Duquesne University, Pittsburgh (1972). Frankl published 39 books, which were translated into as many as 49 languages.^[26]^{[promotional source?]} He lectured and taught seminars all over the world and received 29 honorary doctoral degrees.^[24]

The American Psychiatric Association awarded Frankl the 1985 Oskar Pfister Award for important contributions to religion and psychiatry.^[27]

Frankl died of heart failure on 2 September 1997. He was survived by his wife Eleonore, one daughter, two grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.^[28]

Controversy

In The Missing Pieces of the Puzzle: A Reflection on the Odd Career of Viktor Frankl, Timothy Pytell of California State University, San Bernardino,^[29] conveys the numerous discrepancies and omissions in Frankl’s “Auschwitz survivor” account and later autobiography, which many of his contemporaries, such as Thomas Szasz, similarly have raised.^[8] In Frankl’s Search for meaning the book devotes approximately half its contents to describing Auschwitz and the psychology of its prisoners, suggesting a long stay at the death camp, however his wording is contradictory and to Pytell, “profoundly deceptive”, when rather the impression of staying for months, Frankl was held close to the train, in the “depot prisoner” area of Auschwitz and for no more than a few days, he was neither registered there, nor assigned a number before being sent on to a subsidiary work camp of Dachau, known as Kaufering III, the true setting of much of what is described in his book.^[30]^[20]^[31]

On Frankl’s doctrine that one must instill meaning in the events in one’s life that work and suffering to find meaning, will ultimately lead to fulfillment and happiness. In 1982 the highly cited scholar and holocaust analyst Lawrence L. Langer, who while also critical of Frankl’s distortions on the true experience of those at Auschwitz,^[32] and Frankl’s amoral focus on “meaning” that could just as equally be applied to Nazis “finding meaning in making the world free from Jews”,^[33] would go on to write “if this [logotherapy] doctrine had been more succinctly worded, the Nazis might have substituted it for the cruel mockery of Arbeit Macht Frei“[“work sets free”, read by those entering Auschwitz].^[34] With, in professor Pytell’s view, Langer also penetrating through Frankl’s disturbed subtext that Holocaust “survival [was] a matter of mental health.” Noting Frankl’s tone as almost self-congratulatory and promotional throughout, that “it comes as no surprise to the reader, as he closes the volume, that the real hero of Man’s Search for Meaning is not man, but Viktor Frankl” by the continuation of the very same distortions of reality and the fantasy of world-view meaning-making, that were so disturbingly, precisely what had preturbed civilization into the holocaust-genocide of this era and others, to begin with.^[35]

Pytell later would remark on the particularly sharp insight of Langer’s reading of Frankl’s holocaust testimony, noting that with Langer’s criticism published in 1982 before Pytell’s biography, the former had thus drawn the controversial parallels, or accommodations in ideology without the knowledge that Victor Frankl was an advocate/”embraced”^[36] the key ideas of the Nazi psychotherapy movement (“will and responsibility”^[37]) as a form of therapy in the late 1930s. When at that time Frankl would submit a paper and contributed to the Göring institute in Vienna 1937 and again in early 1938 connecting the logotherapy focus on “world-view” to the “work of some of the leading Nazi psychotherapists”,^[38] both at a time before Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938.^[39]^[40]

The origins of logotherapy, as described by Frankl, were therefore a major issue of continuity that Biographer Pytell argues were potentially problematic for Frankl because he had laid out the main elements of logotherapy while working for/contributing to the Nazi-affiliated Göring Institute. Principally Frankl’s 1937 paper, that was published by the institute.^[40] This association, as a source of controversy, that logotherapy was palatable to National Socialism is the reason Pytell suggests, Frankl took two different stances on how the concentration-camp experience affected the course of his psychotherapy theory. Namely, that within the original English edition of Frankl’s most well known book, Man’s Search for Meaning, the suggestion is made and still largely held that logotherapy was itself derived from his camp experience, with the claim as it appears in the original edition, that this form of psychotherapy was “not concocted in the philosopher’s armchair nor at the analyst’s couch; it took shape in the hard school of air-raid shelters and bomb craters; in concentration camps and prisoner of war camps.” Frankl’s statements however to this effect would be deleted from later editions, though in the 1963 edition, a similar statement again appeared on the back of the book jacket of Man’s Search for Meaning.

Frankl over the years would with these widely read statements and others, switch between the claim that logotherapy took shape in the camps to the claim that the camps merely were a testing ground of his already preconceived theories. An uncovering of the matter would occur in 1977 with Frankl revealing on this controversy, though compounding another, stating “People think I came out of Auschwitz with a brand-new psychotherapy. This is not the case.”^[17]

In the post war years, Frankl’s attitude towards not pursuing justice nor assigning collective guilt to the Austrian people for collaborating with or acquiescing in the face of Nazism, led to “frayed” relationships between Frankl, many Viennese and the larger American Jewish community, such that in 1978 when attempting to give a lecture at the institute of Adult Jewish Studies in New York, Frankl was confronted with an outburst of boos from the audience and was called a “nazi pig”.^[39]

In 1988 Frankl would further “stir up sentiment against him” by being photographed next to and in accepting the Great Silver Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria as a holocaust survivor, from President Waldheim, a controversial president of Austria who concurrent with the medal ceremony, was gripped by revelations that he had lied about his WWII military record and was under investigation for complicity in Nazi War crimes. Frankl’s acceptance of the medal was viewed by a large segment of the international Jewish community as a betrayal and by a disparate group of commentators, that its timing was politically motivated, an attempt to rehabilitate Waldheim’s reputation on the world stage.^[41]

None of Frankl’s obituaries mention the unqualified and unskilled brain lobotomy and trepanation medical experiments approved by the Nazis that Frankl performed on Jews who had committed suicide with an overdose of sedatives, in resistance to their impending arrest, imprisonment and enforced labour in the concentration camp system. Operating without any training as a surgeon, Frankl would publish some of the details on his experiments, the methods of insertion of his chosen amphetamine drugs into the brains of these individuals, resulting in at times an alleged partial resuscitation, in 1942, prior to his own internment at Theresienstadt ghetto in September later in that year. Historian Günter Bischof of Harvard University, suggests Frankl’s voluntary request to perform lobotomy experiments could be seen as a way to “ingratiate” himself amongst the Nazis, as the latter were not appreciative of suicide being on arrest records.^[17]^[9]^[32]

Legacy

Frankl’s logotherapy and existential analysis is considered the third Viennese School of Psychotherapy,^[26]^{[promotional source?]} among the broad category that comprises existentialists.^[42] For Irvin Yalom, Frankl, “who has devoted his career to a study of an existential approach to therapy, has apparently concluded that the lack of meaning is the paramount existential stress. To him, existential neurosis is synonymous with a crisis of meaninglessness”.^[42]

He has coined the term noogenic neurosis, and illustrated it with the example of Sunday neurosis. It refers to a form of anxiety resulting from an awareness in some people of the emptiness of their lives once the working week is over.^[43] Some complain of a void and a vague discontent.^[42] This arises from an existential vacuum, or feeling of meaninglessness, which is a common phenomenon and is characterised by the subjective state of boredom, apathy, and emptiness. One feels cynical, lacks direction, and questions the point of most of life’s activities.^[42]

People without a meaning in their life are exposed to aggression, depression and addiction.^[22]

Viktor Frankl once recommended that the Statue of Liberty on the East Coast of the United States be complemented by a Statue of Responsibility on the West Coast:

Freedom, however, is not the last word. Freedom is only part of the story and half of the truth. Freedom is but the negative aspect of the whole phenomenon whose positive aspect is responsibleness. In fact, freedom is in danger of degenerating into mere arbitrariness unless it is lived in terms of responsibleness. That is why I recommend that the Statue of Liberty on the East Coast be supplemented by a Statue of Responsibility on the West Coast.^[44]^[45]

Decorations and awards

1956: Promotion Award for Public Education of the Ministry of Education, Austria
1962: Cardinal Innitzer Prize, Austria
1969: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class^[46]
1976: Prize of the Danubia Foundation
1980: Honorary Ring of Vienna, Austria
1981: Austrian Decoration for Science and Art^[47]
1985: Oskar Pfister Award, USA
1986: Honorary doctorate from the University of Vienna, Austria, and Honorary member of the association Bürgervereinigung Landsberg im 20. Jahrhundert
1988: Great Silver Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria^[48]
1995: Hans Prinzhorn Medal
1995: Honorary Citizen of the City of Vienna
1995: Great Gold Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria^[49]
1995: Grand Decoration of the Austrian Chamber of Physicians^{[citation needed]}
Grand Merit Cross with Star of the Federal Republic of Germany (Großes Verdienstkreuz mit Stern)^{[citation needed]}

Bibliography

His books in English are:

Man’s Search for Meaning. An Introduction to Logotherapy, Beacon Press, Boston, MA, 2006. ISBN 978-0-8070-1427-1 (Originally published in 1946)
The Doctor and the Soul, (originally titled Ärztliche Seelsorge), Random House, 1955.
On the Theory and Therapy of Mental Disorders. An Introduction to Logotherapy and Existential Analysis, Translated by James M. DuBois. Brunner-Routledge, London-New York, 2004. ISBN 0-415-95029-5
Psychotherapy and Existentialism. Selected Papers on Logotherapy, Simon & Schuster,New York, 1967. ISBN 0-671-20056-9
The Will to Meaning. Foundations and Applications of Logotherapy, New American Library, New York, 1988 ISBN 0-452-01034-9
The Unheard Cry for Meaning. Psychotherapy and Humanism, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2011 ISBN 978-1-4516-6438-6
Viktor Frankl Recollections: An Autobiography.; Basic Books, Cambridge, MA 2000. ISBN 978-0-7382-0355-3.
Man’s Search for Ultimate Meaning. (A revised and extended edition of The Unconscious God; with a Foreword by Swanee Hunt). Perseus Book Publishing, New York, 1997; ISBN 0-306-45620-6. Paperback edition: Perseus Book Group; New York, July 2000; ISBN 0-7382-0354-8.

References …

External links[edit]

Timothy Pytell (2015) Viktor Frankl’s Search for Meaning, Berghahn Books.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl

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Laurence J. Kotlikoff
Kotlikoff in 2011
Born	January 30, 1951 (age 67)
Nationality	American

Institution	Boston University
Field	Public finance
Alma mater	Harvard University University of Pennsylvania
Influences	Martin Feldstein
Awards	Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a William Warren Fairfield Professor at Boston University, Fellow of the Econometric Society
Information at IDEAS / RePEc

Victor Davis Hanson
Hanson giving a lecture at Kenyon College in May 2005
Born	September 5, 1953 (age 65) Fowler, California, U.S.
Occupation	Writer, historian, farmer
Subject	Military history, history of ancient warfare, ancient agrarianism, classics

Lisa Mataloni:	(301) 278-9083	(GDP)	gdpniwd@bea.gov
Kate Pinard:	(301) 278-9417	(Corporate Profits)	cpniwd@bea.gov
Jeannine Aversa:	(301) 278-9003	(News Media)	Jeannine.Aversa@bea.gov

Brian Haig
Born	Brian F. Haig March 15, 1953 (age 63)
Occupation	thriller author, Fox News military analyst
Parent(s)	Alexander Haig Patricia Fox Haig
Relatives	Alexander Patrick Haig, Jr. (brother) Barbara Haig (sister) Regina Murphy Anne Haig (grandmother) Alexander Meigs Haig Sr. (grandfather)

Carl Rogers

Born	January 8, 1902 Oak Park, Illinois, U.S.
Died	February 4, 1987 (aged 85) San Diego, California, U.S.
Nationality	American
Fields	Psychology
Institutions	Ohio State University University of Chicago University of Wisconsin–Madison Western Behavioral Sciences Institute Center for Studies of the Person
Alma mater	University of Wisconsin–Madison Teachers College, Columbia University
Known for	The Person-centered approach (e.g., Client-centered therapy, Student-centered learning, Rogerian argument)
Influences	Otto Rank, Kurt Goldstein, Charles Darwin, Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, B.F. Skinner, Friedrich Nietzsche, Alfred Adler
Notable awards	Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology (1956, APA); Award for Distinguished Contributions to Applied Psychology as a Professional Practice (1972, APA); 1964 Humanist of the Year (American Humanist Association)

Viktor Frankl

Born	Viktor Emil Frankl 26 March 1905 Vienna, Austria-Hungary
Died	2 September 1997 (aged 92) Vienna, Austria
Resting place	Zentralfriedhof, Vienna, Austria, Old Jewish Section
Nationality	Austrian
Education	Doctorate in Medicine, 1925, Doctorate in Philosophy, 1948
Alma mater	University of Vienna
Occupation	Neurologist, psychiatrist
Known for	Logotherapy Existential analysis
Spouse(s)	Tilly Grosser, m. 1941 Eleonore Katharina Schwindt, m. 1947
Children	Gabriele Frankl-Vesely
Parent(s)	Gabriel Frankl and Elsa Frankl

David Ogilvy

Born	23 June 1911 West Horsley, Surrey
Died	21 July 1999 (aged 88) Château de Touffou, Bonnes, France
Occupation	Advertising executive

Topic	SSD	HDD
Access time	An SSD has access speeds of 35 to 100 micro-seconds, which is nearly 100 times faster. This faster access speed means programs can run more quickly, which is very significant, especially for programs that access large amounts of data often like your operating system.	A typical HDD takes about 5,000 to 10,000 micro-seconds to access data.
Price	The price of a solid state drive is much more than an HDD, which is why most computers with an SSD only have a few hundred gigabytes of storage. Desktop computers with an SSD may also have one or more HDDs for additional storage.	HDD is much cheaper than SSD, especially for drives over 500GB.
Reliability	The SSD drive has no moving parts. It uses flash memory to store data, which provides better performance and reliability over an HDD.	The HDD has moving parts and magnetic platters, meaning the more use they get, the faster they wear down and fail.
Capacity	Although there are large SSDs realistically for most people’s budgets anything over 512GB SSD is beyond their price range.	Several terabyte hard disk drives are available for very reasonable prices.
Power	The SSD uses less power than a standard HDD, which means a lower energy bill over time and for laptops an increase of battery life.	With all the parts and requirements to spin the platters the HDD uses more power than an SSD.
Noise	With no moving parts SSD generates no noise.	With the spinning platters and moving read/write heads an HDD can sometimes be one of the loudest components in your computer.
Size	SSD is available in 2.5″, 1.8″, and 1.0″, increasing the available space available in a computer, especially a desktop or server.	HDDs are usually 3.5″ and 2.5″ in size, for desktop and laptops respectively with no options for anything smaller.
Heat	Because there are no moving parts and due to the nature of flash memory, the SSD generates less heat, helping to increase its lifespan and reliability.	With moving parts comes added heat, which is why the HDD generates more heat. Heat can slowly damage electronics over time, so the higher the heat, the greater the potential of damage being done.
Magnetism	SSD is not affected by magnetism.	Because a hard drive relies off magnetism to write information to the platter information could be erased from an HDD using strong magnets.

HDD	SSD
current rating is 3.32/5 1 2 3 4 5 (228 ratings)	current rating is 4.1/5 1 2 3 4 5 (281 ratings)
Stands for	Hard Disk Drive	Solid State Drive
Speed	HDD has higher latency, longer read/write times, and supports fewer IOPs (input output operations per second) compared to SSD.	SSD has lower latency, faster read/writes, and supports more IOPs (input output operations per second) compared to HDD.
Heat, Electricity, Noise	Hard disk drives use more electricity to rotate the platters, generating heat and noise.	Since no such rotation is needed in solid state drives, they use less power and do not generate heat or noise.
Defragmentation	The performance of HDD drives worsens due to fragmentation; therefore, they need to be periodically defragmented.	SSD drive performance is not impacted by fragmentation. So defragmentation is not necessary.
Components	HDD contains moving parts – a motor-driven spindle that holds one or more flat circular disks (called platters) coated with a thin layer of magnetic material. Read-and-write heads are positioned on top of the disks; all this is encased in a metal cas	SSD has no moving parts; it is essentially a memory chip. It is interconnected, integrated circuits (ICs) with an interface connector. There are three basic components – controller, cache and capacitor.
Weight	HDDs are heavier than SSD drives.	SSD drives are lighter than HDD drives because they do not have the rotating disks, spindle and motor.
Dealing with vibration	The moving parts of HDDs make them susceptible to crashes and damage due to vibration.	SSD drives can withstand vibration up to 2000Hz, which is much more than HDD.

Comparison characteristics	MLC : SLC	NAND : NOR
Persistence ratio	1 : 10	1 : 10
Sequential write ratio	1 : 3	1 : 4
Sequential read ratio	1 : 1	1 : 5
Price ratio	1 : 1.3	1 : 0.7

Attribute or characteristic	Solid-state drive	Hard disk drive
Start-up time	Almost instantaneous; no mechanical components to prepare. May need a few milliseconds to come out of an automatic power-saving mode.	Disk spin-up may take several seconds. A system with many drives may need to stagger spin-up to limit peak power drawn, which is briefly high when an HDD is first started.^[108]
Random access time^[109]	Typically under 0.1 ms.^[110] As data can be retrieved directly from various locations of the flash memory, access time is usually not a big performance bottleneck.	Ranges from 2.9 (high end server drive) to 12 ms (laptop HDD) due to the need to move the heads and wait for the data to rotate under the read/write head.^[111]
Read latency time^[112]	Generally low because the data can be read directly from any location. In applications where hard disk seeks are the limiting factor, this results in faster boot and application launch times (see Amdahl’s law).^[113]	Much higher than SSDs. Read time is different for every different seek, since the location of the data on the disk and the location of the read-head make a difference.
Data transfer rate	SSD technology can deliver rather consistent read/write speed, but when lots of individual smaller blocks are accessed, performance is reduced. In consumer products the maximum transfer rate typically ranges from about 200 MB/s to 1500 MB/s, depending on the disk. Enterprise market offers devices with multi-gigabyte per second throughput.	Once the head is positioned, when reading or writing a continuous track, a modern HDD can transfer data at about 200 MB/s. In practice transfer speeds are many times lower due to constant seeking, as files are read from various locations or they are fragmented. Data transfer rate depends also upon rotational speed, which can range from 3,600 to 15,000 rpm^[114] and also upon the track (reading from the outer tracks is faster).
Read performance^[115]	Read performance does not change based on where data is stored on an SSD.^[108]Unlike mechanical hard drives, current SSD technology suffers from a performance degradation phenomenon called write amplification, where the NAND cells show a measurable drop in performance, and will continue degrading throughout the life of the SSD.^[116] A technique called wear leveling is implemented to mitigate this effect, but due to the nature of the NAND chips, the drive will inevitably degrade at a noticeable rate.	If data from different areas of the platter must be accessed, as with fragmented files, response times will be increased by the need to seek each fragment.^[117]
Impacts of file system fragmentation	There is limited benefit to reading data sequentially (beyond typical FS block sizes, say 4 KB), making fragmentation negligible for SSDs.^[118] Defragmentation would cause wear by making additional writes of the NAND flash cells, which have a limited cycle life.^[119]^[120] However, even on SSDs there is a practical limit on how much fragmentation certain file systems can sustain; once that limit is reached, subsequent file allocations fail.^[121] As such, defragmentation may still be necessary, although to a lesser degree.^[121]	Some file systems, such as NTFS, usually become fragmented over time if frequently written; periodic defragmentation is required to maintain optimum performance.^[122] This usually is not an issue in modern file systems.
Noise (acoustic)^[123]	SSDs have no moving parts and therefore are basically silent, although on some low-grade SSDs, high pitch noise from the high voltage generator (for erasing blocks) may occur.	HDDs have moving parts (heads, actuator, and spindle motor) and make characteristic sounds of whirring and clicking; noise levels vary between models, but can be significant (while often much lower than the sound from the cooling fans). Laptop hard disks are relatively quiet.
Temperature control^[124]	SSDs usually do not require any special cooling and can tolerate higher temperatures than HDDs. High-end enterprise models installed as add-on cards or 2.5-inch bay devices may ship with heat sinks to dissipate generated heat, requiring certain volumes of airflow to operate.^[125]	Ambient temperatures above 95 °F (35 °C) can shorten the life of a hard disk, and reliability will be compromised at drive temperatures above 131 °F (55 °C). Fan cooling may be required if temperatures would otherwise exceed these values.^[126] In practice, modern HDDs may be used with no special arrangements for cooling.
Lowest operating temperature^[127]	SSDs can operate at −55 °C (−67 °F).	Most modern HDDs can operate at 0 °C (32 °F).
Highest altitude when operating^[128]	SSDs have no issues on this.^[129]	HDDs can operate safely at an altitude of at most 3,000 meters. HDDs will fail to operate at altitudes above 12,000 meters.^[130]
Moving from a cold environment to a warmer environment	SSDs have no issues on this.^{[citation needed]}	A certain amount of acclimation time is needed when moving HDDs from a cold environment to a warmer environment prior to operating it; otherwise, internal condensation will occur and operating it immediately will result in damage to its internal components.^[131]
Breather hole	SSDs do not require breather hole.	Most modern HDDs require breather hole in order for it to function properly.^[130]
Susceptibility to environmental factors^[113]^[132]^[133]	No moving parts, very resistant to shock and vibration.	Heads floating above rapidly rotating platters are susceptible to shock and vibration.
Installation and mounting	Not sensitive to orientation, vibration, or shock. Usually no exposed circuitry.	Circuitry may be exposed, and it must not be short-circuited by conductive materials (such as the metal chassis of a computer). Should be mounted to protect against vibration and shock. Some HDDs should not be installed in a tilted position.^[134]
Susceptibility to magnetic fields	Low impact on flash memory, but an electromagnetic pulse will damage any electrical system, especially integrated circuits.	In general, magnets or magnetic surges may result in data corruption or mechanical damage to the drive internals. Drive’s metal case provides a low level of sheilding to the magnetic platters.^[135]^[136]^[137]
Weight and size^[132]	SSDs, essentially semiconductor memory devices mounted on a circuit board, are small and lightweight. They often follow the same form factors as HDDs (2.5-inch or 1.8-inch), but the enclosures are made mostly of plastic.	HDDs are generally heavier than SSDs, as the enclosures are made mostly of metal, and they contain heavy objects such as motors and large magnets. 3.5-inch drives typically weigh around 700 grams.
Reliability and lifetime	SSDs have no moving parts to fail mechanically. Each block of a flash-based SSD can only be erased (and therefore written) a limited number of times before it fails. The controllers manage this limitation so that drives can last for many years under normal use.^[138]^[139]^[140]^[141]^[142] SSDs based on DRAM do not have a limited number of writes. However the failure of a controller can make a SSD unusable. Reliability varies significantly across different SSD manufacturers and models with return rates reaching 40% for specific drives.^[102] As of 2011 leading SSDs have lower return rates than mechanical drives.^[100] Many SSDs critically fail on power outages; a December 2013 survey of many SSDs found that only some of them are able to survive multiple power outages.^[143]^{[needs update?]}	HDDs have moving parts, and are subject to potential mechanical failures from the resulting wear and tear. The storage medium itself (magnetic platter) does not essentially degrade from read and write operations.According to a study performed by Carnegie Mellon University for both consumer and enterprise-grade HDDs, their average failure rate is 6 years, and life expectancy is 9–11 years.^[144] Leading SSDs have overtaken hard disks for reliability,^[100] however the risk of a sudden, catastrophic data loss can be lower for mechanical disks.^[145] When stored offline (unpowered in shelf) in long term, the magnetic medium of HDD retains data significantly longer than flash memory used in SSDs.
Secure writing limitations	NAND flash memory cannot be overwritten, but has to be rewritten to previously erased blocks. If a software encryption program encrypts data already on the SSD, the overwritten data is still unsecured, unencrypted, and accessible (drive-based hardware encryption does not have this problem). Also data cannot be securely erased by overwriting the original file without special “Secure Erase” procedures built into the drive.^[146]	HDDs can overwrite data directly on the drive in any particular sector. However, the drive’s firmware may exchange damaged blocks with spare areas, so bits and pieces may still be present. Most HDD manufacturers offer a tool that can zero-fill all sectors, including the reallocated ones.^{[citation needed]}
Cost per capacity	SSD pricing changes rapidly: US$0.59 per GB in April 2013,^[147] US$0.45 per GB in April 2014, and US$0.37 per GB in February 2015.^[148]	HDDs cost about US$0.05 per GB for 3.5-inch and $0.10 per GB for 2.5-inch drives
Storage capacity	In 2015, SSDs were available in sizes up to 16 TB,^[149] but less costly, 120 to 512 GB models were more common.	In 2014, HDDs of up to 8 TB were available.^[150]
Read/write performance symmetry	Less expensive SSDs typically have write speeds significantly lower than their read speeds. Higher performing SSDs have similar read and write speeds.	HDDs generally have slightly longer (worse) seek times for writing than for reading.^[151]
Free block availability and TRIM	SSD write performance is significantly impacted by the availability of free, programmable blocks. Previously written data blocks no longer in use can be reclaimed by TRIM; however, even with TRIM, fewer free blocks cause slower performance.^[40]^[152]^[153]	HDDs are not affected by free blocks and do not benefit from TRIM.
Power consumption	High performance flash-based SSDs generally require half to a third of the power of HDDs. High-performance DRAM SSDs generally require as much power as HDDs, and must be connected to power even when the rest of the system is shut down.^[154]^[155]Emerging technologies like DevSlp can minimize power requirements of idle drives.	The lowest-power HDDs (1.8-inch size) can use as little as 0.35 watts when idle.^[156] 2.5-inch drives typically use 2 to 5 watts. The highest-performance 3.5-inch drives can use up to about 20 watts.

Organization or Committee	Subcommittee of:	Purpose
INCITS	N/A	Coordinates technical standards activity between ANSI in the USA and joint ISO/IEC committees worldwide
T10	INCITS	SCSI
T11	INCITS	FC
T13	INCITS	ATA
JEDEC	N/A	Develops open standards and publications for the microelectronics industry
JC-64.8	JEDEC	Focuses on solid-state drive standards and publications
NVMHCI	N/A	Provides standard software and hardware programming interfaces for nonvolatile memory subsystems
SATA-IO	N/A	Provides the industry with guidance and support for implementing the SATA specification
SFF Committee	N/A	Works on storage industry standards needing attention when not addressed by other standards committees
SNIA	N/A	Develops and promotes standards, technologies, and educational services in the management of information
SSSI	SNIA	Fosters the growth and success of solid state storage

Race/Topic (Click to Sort)	Poll	Results	Spread
Iowa Republican Presidential Caucus	PPP (D)	Trump 24, Carson 17, Cruz 8, Fiorina 13, Rubio 8, Bush 6, Walker 5, Huckabee 6, Paul 4, Jindal 4, Kasich 2, Santorum 1, Christie 1, Perry, Graham 0	Trump +7
Iowa Democratic Presidential Caucus	PPP (D)	Clinton 43, Sanders 22, Biden 17, O’Malley 3, Webb 3, Chafee 2	Clinton +21

Race/Topic (Click to Sort)	Poll	Results	Spread
Michigan Republican Presidential Primary	MRG	Trump 22, Carson 24, Bush 8, Fiorina 3, Rubio 4, Cruz 3, Huckabee 6, Kasich 2, Walker 2, Christie 1, Paul 2, Santorum 0, Jindal 0	Carson +2
Michigan Democratic Presidential Primary	MRG	Clinton 41, Sanders 22, Biden 22, O’Malley 1, Chafee 0, Webb 0	Clinton +19
Michigan: Trump vs. Clinton	MRG	Clinton 43, Trump 40	Clinton +3
Michigan: Bush vs. Clinton	MRG	Clinton 39, Bush 40	Bush +1

Race/Topic (Click to Sort)	Poll	Results	Spread
New Hampshire Republican Presidential Primary	WBUR	Trump 22, Carson 18, Kasich 9, Fiorina 11, Bush 9, Cruz 5, Paul 4, Rubio 2, Christie 2, Walker 1, Huckabee 1, Graham 1, Pataki 0, Jindal 0, Santorum 0	Trump +4
New Hampshire 2016 Democratic Primary	WBUR	Sanders 35, Clinton 31, Biden 14, Webb 2, O’Malley 1, Chafee 1	Sanders +4

Person-centered therapy
Intervention
MeSH	D009629
[edit on Wikidata]

Apocalypse Now
Theatrical release poster by Bob Peak
Directed by	Francis Coppola
Produced by	Francis Coppola
Written by	John Milius Francis Coppola
Starring	Marlon Brando Robert Duvall Martin Sheen Frederic Forrest Albert Hall Sam Bottoms Larry Fishburne Dennis Hopper
Music by	Carmine Coppola Francis Coppola
Cinematography	Vittorio Storaro
Edited by	Richard Marks Walter Murch Gerald B. Greenberg Lisa Fruchtman
Production company	Omni Zoetrope
Distributed by	United Artists
Release dates	May 10, 1979 (Cannes) August 15, 1979(United States)
Running time	153 minutes^[1]
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$31.5 million^[2]
Box office	$150 million^[3]

Award	Category	Nominee	Result
52nd Academy Awards^[74]	Best Picture	Francis Ford Coppola, Fred Roos, Gray Frederickson and Tom Sternberg	Nominated
	Best Director	Francis Ford Coppola	Nominated
	Best Actor in a Supporting Role	Robert Duvall	Nominated
	Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium	John Milius and Francis Ford Coppola	Nominated
	Best Sound	Walter Murch, Mark Berger, Richard Beggs, Nathan Boxer	Won
	Best Art Direction — Set Decoration	Dean Tavoularis, Angelo P. Graham and George R. Nelson	Nominated
	Best Cinematography	Vittorio Storaro	Won
	Best Film Editing	Richard Marks, Walter Murch, Gerald B. Greenberg and Lisa Fruchtman	Nominated
1979 Cannes Film Festival^[75]	Palme d’Or		Won
1st American Movie Awards	Best Actor	Martin Sheen	Nominated
1st American Movie Awards	Best Supporting Actor	Robert Duvall	Won
33rd British Academy Film Awards	Best Film		Nominated
	Best Actor	Martin Sheen	Nominated
	Best Supporting Actor	Robert Duvall	Won
	Best Direction	Francis Ford Coppola	Won
	Best Original Film Music	Carmine Coppola and Francis Ford Coppola	Nominated
	Best Cinematography	Vittorio Storaro	Nominated
	Best Editing	Richard Marks, Walter Murch, Gerald B. Greenberg and Lisa Fruchtman	Nominated
	Best Production Design	Dean Tavoularis	Nominated
	Best Soundtrack	Nathan Boxer, Richard Cirincione, Walter Murch	Nominated
5th César Awards	Best Foreign Film (Meilleur film étranger)	Francis Ford Coppola	Nominated
David di Donatello Awards	Best Foreign Director (Migliore Regista Straniero)	Francis Ford Coppola	Won
32nd Directors Guild of America Awards	Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures	Francis Ford Coppola	Nominated
37th Golden Globe Awards	Best Motion Picture – Drama	Francis Ford Coppola, Fred Roos, Gray Frederickson and Tom Sternberg	Nominated
	Best Director	Francis Ford Coppola	Won
	Best Supporting Actor	Robert Duvall	Won
	Best Original Score	Carmine Coppola and Francis Ford Coppola	Won
22nd Annual Grammy Awards	Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture	Carmine Coppola and Francis Ford Coppola	Nominated
1979 National Society of Film Critics Awards	Best Supporting Actor	Frederic Forrest	Won
Writers Guild of America Awards	Best Drama Written Directly for the Screen	John Milius and Francis Ford Coppola	Nominated

Poll	Date	Bush	Walker	Carson	Rubio	Huckabee	Paul	Trump	Cruz	Perry	Christie	Santorum	Fiorina	Kasich	Jindal	Graham	Spread
RCP Average	6/11 – 6/28	16.3	10.5	9.8	9.3	7.8	7.3	6.5	4.0	3.8	3.3	2.3	2.0	1.5	1.3	1.3	Bush +5.8
CNN/ORC	6/26 – 6/28	19	6	7	6	8	7	12	3	4	3	3	1	2	2	1	Bush +7
FOX News	6/21 – 6/23	15	9	10	8	6	9	11	4	2	2	3	3	2	2	1	Bush +4
NBC/WSJ	6/14 – 6/18	22	17	11	14	9	7	1	4	5	4	0	2	1	0	1	Bush +5
Monmouth	6/11 – 6/14	9	10	11	9	8	6	2	5	4	4	3	2	1	1	2	Carson +1

Donald Trump
Trump at the 2015 Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC), March 2015
Born	Donald John Trump June 14, 1946 (age 69) Queens, New York, US
Residence	Trump Tower Manhattan, New York, US Mar-A-Lago Palm Beach, Florida, US
Alma mater	Fordham University (transferred) University of Pennsylvania (B.S. Economics)
Occupation	• Chairman and president of The Trump Organization^[1] • Chairman of Trump Plaza Associates, LLC^[2] • Chairman of Trump Atlantic City Associates^[2] • Host of The Apprentice(formerly)
Years active	1968–present
Salary	$60 million^[2]
Net worth	US$4.1 billion (July 2015)^[2]
Political party	Republican (Before 1999; 2009–2011; 2012-present) Reform Party (1999–2001)^[3] Democratic (2001–2009)^[4] Independent (2011–2012)^[5]
Religion	Presbyterianism^[6]
Spouse(s)	Ivana Zelníčková (1977–1992) Marla Maples (1993–1999) Melania Knauss (2005–present)
Children	Donald Ivanka Eric Tiffany Barron
Signature

Website
Official website

Race / Ethnicity	Number	Percentage of U.S. population
Americans	308,745,538	100.0 %
Non-Hispanic White	196,817,552	63.7 %
Non-Hispanic Black or African American	37,685,848	12.2 %
Non-Hispanic Asian	14,465,124	4.7 %
Non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native	2,247,098	0.7 %
Non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander	481,576	0.2 %
Non-Hispanic some other race	604,265	0.2 %
Non-Hispanic two or more races	5,966,481	1.9 %
Hispanic or Latino	50,477,594	16.4 %
Total	308,745,538	100.0%
European American	223,553,265	72.4 %
African Americans	38,929,319	12.6 %
Asian American	14,674,252	4.8 %
Native Americans or Alaska Native	2,932,248	0.9 %
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander	540,013	0.2 %
Some other race	19,107,368	6.2 %
Two or more races	9,009,073	2.9 %
Total	308,745,538	100.0%
Not Hispanic nor Latino	258,267,944	83.6 %
White Hispanic	26,735,713	8.7 %
Black or African American Hispanic	1,243,471	0.4 %
American Indian or Alaska Native Hispanic	685,150	0.2 %
Asian Hispanic	209,128	0.1 %
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander Hispanic	58,437	0.0 %
Some other race Hispanic	18,503,103	6.0 %
Two or more races Hispanic	3,042,592	1.0 %
Total	308,745,538	100.0%

Logo of the weekly Charlie Hebdo
Type	Weekly satirical news magazine
Format	Magazine
Founded	1970,^[1] 1992
Political alignment	Left-wing
Headquarters	Paris, France
Circulation	45,000
ISSN	1240-0068
Website	charliehebdo.fr

Born	September 30, 1965 (age 49)
Nationality	American
Institution	MIT
Field	Health economics
Alma mater	Harvard University (PhD, 1992) MIT (BSc, 1987)
Information at IDEAS/RePEc

Name	Location	Date established	Description
Virology Laboratory of the Queensland Department of Health	Australia, Queensland,Coopers Plains
Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC)	Osong, Cheongwoncounty, North Chungcheong province, South Korea	2013
University of Queensland – Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre (SASVRC) Royal Women’s Hospital Brisbane P3 (BL3)	Australia, Queensland,Herston
Australian Animal Health Laboratory	Australia, Victoria,Geelong
National High Security Laboratory	Australia, Victoria, North Melbourne		National High Security Laboratory Operates under the auspice of the Victoria Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory.
Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology	Belarus, Minsk		Department of Molecular Epidemiology & Innovational Biotechnologies
National Microbiology Laboratory	Canada, Manitoba,Winnipeg		Located at the Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, it is jointly operated by the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency.
Wuhan Institute of Virology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences	China, Hubei, Wuhan	2003	Wuhan Institute of Virology already hosts a BSL-3 laboratory. A distinct BSL-4 facility is currently being built based on P4 standards, the original technology for confinement developed by France.^[10]^[11] It will be the first at level 4 in China, under the direction of Shi Zhengli.^[12]
Biological Defense Center	Czech Republic,Pardubice, Těchonín	1971, rebuilt 2003-2007	Located at the Centrum biologické ochrany (Biological Defense Center)^[13]
Laboratoire P4 Jean Mérieux	France, Rhône-Alpes,Lyon	1999-03-05	Jean Mérieux laboratory is a co-operation between the Pasteur Institute and INSERM. Note that in France, it is P4 for Pathogen or Protection level 4.^[14]
Laboratoire de la DGA	France, Vert-le-Petit,Essonne	2013-10-24	The Laboratoire de la DGA [1] is part of the Ministry of Defence.
Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville	Gabon		This facility is operated by a research organization supported by both Gabonese (mainly) and French governments, and is West Africa’s only P4 lab (BSL-4).^[15]
Robert Koch Institute	Germany, Berlin		The facility was licenced for construction by City of Berlin on November 30, 2008.
Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine	Germany, Hamburg
Friedrich Loeffler Institute on the Isle of Riems	Germany, Isle of Riems (Greifswald)	2010	Deals especially with virology
Philipps University of Marburg	Germany, Marburg	2008	The facility is licenced to work with genetically modified organisms
High Security Animal Disease Laboratory (HSADL)	India, Bhopal	1998	This facility deals especially to zoonotic organisms and emerging infectious disease threats.
Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology	India, Hyderabad	2009	National Bio-Safety Level-4 Containment Facility for Human Infectious Diseases & Clinical Research Facility in Regenerative Medicine ^[16]^[17]
All India Institute of Medical Sciences	India, New Delhi	1993	Conducts studies on major pathogenic organisms. Has contributed in discovering new strains & vaccines.
Microbial Containment Complex	India, Pune	2012	Bio-Safety Level-IV Laboratory established by ICMR with support from Department of Science & Technology
Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale Luigi Sacco	Italy, Lombardy, Milan		A university hospital located in the city’s Polo Universitario; it contains two special vehicles for the safe transportation of infectious patients.
Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive	Italy, Lazio, Rome	1936 (1997)	The “National Institute of Infectious Diseases” used to operate within the Lazzaro Spallanzani hospital; the facility is now independent and is home to five BSL-3 labs as well as a single BSL-4 laboratory, which was completed in 1997. ^[18]
National Institute for Infectious Diseases	Japan, Tokyo,Musashimurayama		Located at National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Department of Virology I; this lab has the potential of operating as a BSL-4, however it is limited to perform work on only BSL-3 agents due to opposition from local residents and communities.
Institute of Physical and Chemical Research	Japan, Ibaraki, Tsukuba		This is a non-operating BSL-4 facility.
Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)	Netherlands, Bilthoven	2009
Cantacuzino Microbiological Research Institute (INCDMI)	Romania, Bucharest		^[19]
“Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Hospital	Romania, Bucharest		^[20]
State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR	Russia, Novosibirsk Oblast, Koltsovo		It is one of two facilities in the world that officially hold smallpox. The other Russian BSL-4 facilities have been dismantled.
National Institute for Communicable Diseases	South Africa,Johannesburg		National Institute for Communicable Diseases of Special Pathogens Unit is one of only two BSL-4 facilities in Africa but the only suit laboratory on the continent.
The Swedish BSL-4 Laboratory^[21]	Sweden, Solna	2001	Located at the Public Health Agency of Sweden premises, this is the only BSL-4 facility in the Nordic region. The facility also houses a BSL-3 laboratory.^[22]^[23]^[24]
University Hospital of Geneva	Switzerland
Spiez Laboratory	Switzerland, Spiez
Kwen-yang Laboratory (昆陽實驗室) Center of Disease Control	Taiwan		Part of the Department of Health, Taiwan.
Preventive Medical Institute of ROC Ministry of National Defense	Taiwan
Health Protection Agency‘s Centre for Infections	United Kingdom,Colindale		Located in the Viral Zoonosis unit.
National Institute for Medical Research	United Kingdom,London		^[25]
Institute for Animal Health	United Kingdom,Pirbright
Institute for Animal Health Compton Laboratory	United Kingdom,Compton		^[26]
Defence Science and Technology Laboratory	United Kingdom, Porton Down
Health Protection Agency	United Kingdom, Porton Down		Special Pathogens Reference Unit.
Health Protection Agency	United Kingdom, Porton Down		Botulism.
Francis Crick Institute^[27]	United Kingdom,London		Under construction. The UKCMRI will not work on Human Hazard Group 4 agents.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	United States, Georgia,Atlanta		Currently operates in two buildings. One of two facilities in the world that officially holdsmallpox.
Georgia State University	United States, Georgia,Atlanta		Is an older design “glovebox” facility.
National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility(NBAF), Kansas State University	United States, Kansas,Manhattan		Under construction. Facility to be operated by the Department of Homeland Security, and replace the Plum Island Animal Disease Center (which is not a BSL-4 facility). Planned to be operational by 2015, but likely delayed.
National Institutes of Health (NIH)	United States,Maryland, Bethesda		Located on the NIH Campus, it currently only operates with BSL-3 agents.
Integrated Research Facility	United States,Maryland, Fort Detrick		Under construction. This facility will be operated by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), it is planned to begin operating at 2009 at the earliest.^{[needs update]}
National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC)	United States,Maryland, Fort Detrick		Under construction, it will be operated for the Department of Homeland Security.
US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)	United States,Maryland, Fort Detrick	1969	Old building
US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)	United States,Maryland, Fort Detrick	2017?	New building, currently under construction
National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory (NEIDL), Boston University	United States,Massachusetts, Boston		Under construction by Boston University, building and staff training complete, waiting for regulatory approval.
NIAID Rocky Mountain Laboratories	United States, Montana,Hamilton		National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Kent State University, Kent Campus	United States, Ohio,Kent		Operates as a clean lab at level 3 for training purposes. Scheduled for conversion to a hot level 4 lab in response to a bioterrorism event in the USA.
Galveston National Laboratory, National Biocontainment Facility	United States, Texas,Galveston		Opened in 2008, facility is operated by the University of Texas Medical Branch.^[28]
Shope Laboratory	United States, Texas,Galveston		Operated by the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB).
Texas Biomedical Research Institute	United States, Texas,San Antonio		The only privately owned BSL-4 lab in the US.

Steven Jay Hatfill
Born	October 24, 1953 (age 60) Saint Louis, Missouri
Education	Southwestern College (1975)University of Zimbabwe (1984)University of Stellenbosch (1993)

Nation	Number
Australia	28^[28] or 27 ^[27]^[c]
Belgium	5^[27]
Canada	1^[27]
Germany	4^[27]
Indonesia	12^[27]
Ireland	1
Israel	1^[31]
Malaysia	44^[d]^[27]
Netherlands	189^[32]^[e]^[27]
New Zealand	1^[27]
Philippines	3^[27]
United Kingdom	10^[34] or 9^[27]
United States	1^[27]
Unverified	3^[27]
Total	298

Uncategorized

Victor E. Frankl –Man’s Search for Meaning — Videos

Viktor Frankl on Meaning

Viktor Frankl- Finding Meaning in Pain

Existentialism: Finding Meaning in Suffering | Viktor Frankl

Finding meaning in difficult times (Interview with Dr. Viktor Frankl)

Viktor Frankl Biography: A Search for Meaning

Viktor Frankl: Logotherapy and Man’s Search for Meaning

Meaning of Life: Frankl’s Man’s Search for Meaning

Search for meaning

Viktor Frankl, San Francisco 1984 / 1

Viktor Frankl Schuller Interview 90

Viktor Frankl on Collective Guilt

The Rebbe and Dr Victor Frankl – Founder of Logotherapy

Man’s Search For Meaning by Viktor Frankl ► Animated Book Summary

MAN’S SEARCH FOR MEANING BY VIKTOR FRANKL – MY FAVORITE IDEAS ANIMATED

Man’s Search for Meaning audiobook by Viktor E Frankl

WHAT IS THE MEANING OF LIFE? Man’s Search for Meaning, Viktor Frankl | Arata Books 10

FIND MEANING IN YOUR LIFE – JORDAN PETERSON [AMAZING]

Dr. Jordan Peterson Explains the Meaning of Life for Men – Animation

Jordan Peterson on the meaning of life for men. MUST WATCH

2014 Personality Lecture 11: Existentialism: Viktor Frankl

2015 Personality Lecture 12: Existentialism: Dostoevsky, Nietzsche, Kierkegaard

Jordan Peterson on The Necessity of Virtue

Viktor Frankl

Frankl’s Background

Logotherapy

Meaning

Responsibility

Individuality

Techniques

The case of the sweating doctor

Dereflection

Discernment of Meaning

Conclusion

Bibliography

Recommended reading:

In This Article

A Brief History of Viktor Frankl

Understanding Logotherapy

Fundamentals of Logotherapy

Logotherapy in Practice

Criticisms

Evidence

Logotherapy in Everyday Life

A Word From Verywell

Viktor Frankl

Contents

Life before 1945

Physician, therapist

Prisoner, therapist

Life after 1945

Controversy

Legacy

Decorations and awards

Bibliography

See also

References …

External links[edit]

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