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David Friend — Watching The World Change: The Stories Behind The Images of 9/11 — Videos
Authors@Google: David Friend
|
“[This book] embodies the Buddhist wisdom about change, life, and the
world more than anything written after the events of that day.” |
About the Book
Watching the World Change The Stories Behind the Images of 9/11 David FriendThe terrorist attack on the World Trade Center was the most universally observed news event in human history. That the event was so visual is owing to the people who, facing disaster, took photographs of it: imperiled office workers, horrified tourists, professional photographers risking their lives. Conceived by Osama bin Laden as the toppling of an image of America right before the world¹s eyes, the tragedy swiftly came to be defined by photography, as families posted snapshots of their loved ones, police sought terrorists¹ faces on security-camera videotapes, and officials recorded the devastation and identified the dead.
In Watching the World Change, David Friend tells the stories behind fifty of the images that altered our sense of our world forever‹from the happenstance shots taken by bystanders as the first tower was struck to the scene of three firemen raising the Stars and Stripes at the site. He tells unforgettable stories of photographers and rescuers, victims and survivors. He shows how advances in television, digital photography, and the Internet produced an effect whereby more than two billion people saw the terrible events as they happened. He explores the controversy about whether images of 9/11 are redemptive or exploitative; and he shows how photographs help us to witness, to grieve, and finally to understand the unimaginable.
Farrar, Straus and Giroux 464 pages Size: 6 x 9 24 Pages of Color Illustrations/Notes/Index $30.00 Hardcover
Ted Cruz — A Time for Truth: Reigniting The Promise of America — Videos
Conservative Review – Scorecard
Sen. Ted CruzTEXAS (R)
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A
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Liberty Score®
https://www.conservativereview.com/Scorecard
Election 2016 Presidential Polls
| Monday, August 31 |
| Race/Topic (Click to Sort) | Poll | Results | Spread |
|---|---|---|---|
| Iowa Republican Presidential Caucus | Monmouth | Trump 23, Carson 23, Walker 7, Cruz 9, Fiorina 10, Rubio 4, Bush 5, Huckabee 2, Paul 3, Kasich 4, Christie 1, Jindal 1, Santorum 2, Perry 1, Graham 0 | Tie |
| Sunday, August 30 |
| Race/Topic (Click to Sort) | Poll | Results | Spread |
|---|---|---|---|
| Iowa Republican Presidential Caucus | DM Register | Trump 23, Carson 18, Walker 8, Cruz 8, Fiorina 5, Rubio 6, Bush 6, Huckabee 4, Paul 4, Kasich 2, Christie 2, Jindal 2, Santorum 1, Perry 1, Graham 0 | Trump +5 |
Who is Ted Cruz?
Ted Cruz on his New Book ‘A Time for Truth’
Mark Levin interviews Ted Cruz about his book “A Time for Truth: Reigniting the Promise of America”
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Ted Cruz demands apology from The New York Times
Ted Cruz president(August 24,2015):Ted Cruz at The FAMiLY Leader Presidential Leaders
Donald Trump: “Perhaps” Ted Cruz is ineligible to be President
Ted Cruz on the Mark Levin Show: This Iran Deal is the Height of Foolishness
A Trump/Cruz Ticket?
Donald Trump calls Iran agreement a ‘disgrace’ | Fox News Republican Debate
Donald Trump Reacts To Pres Obama’s Prelim Nuclear Deal With Iran – Road To 2016 – Hannity
Donald Trump speaks out against Iran deal
Ted Cruz
| Ted Cruz | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| United States Senator from Texas |
|
| Assumed office January 3, 2013 Serving with John Cornyn |
|
| Preceded by | Kay Bailey Hutchison |
| Solicitor General of Texas | |
| In office January 9, 2003 – May 12, 2008 |
|
| Governor | Rick Perry |
| Preceded by | Julie Parsley |
| Succeeded by | James Ho |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Rafael Edward Cruz December 22, 1970 Calgary, Alberta, Canada |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Heidi Nelson (m. 2001) |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater | Princeton University (A.B., 1992) Harvard Law School (J.D., 1995) |
| Religion | Protestantism (Southern Baptist)[1] |
| Website | Senate website Campaign website |
Rafael Edward “Ted” Cruz[2] (born December 22, 1970) is the junior United States Senator from Texas. A Republican, Cruz was elected senator in 2012 and is the first Hispanic or Cuban American to serve as a U.S. Senator representing Texas.[3][1][4] He is the chairman of the subcommittee on the Oversight, Agency Action, Federal Rights and Federal Courts, U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee.[5] He is also the chairman of the United States Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Space, Science and Competitiveness, U.S. Senate Commerce Committee. On March 23, 2015, Cruz announced during a rally at Liberty University he would run for the Republican Party nomination in the 2016 U.S. Presidential election.
Between 1999 and 2003, Cruz was the director of the Office of Policy Planning at the Federal Trade Commission, an associate deputy attorney general at the United States Department of Justice, and domestic policy advisor to U.S. President George W. Bush on the 2000 Bush-Cheney campaign. He served as Solicitor General of Texas from 2003 to May 2008, after being appointed by Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott.[6] He was the first Hispanic,[4][7] the youngest[4][8] and the longest-serving solicitor general in Texas history.[9] Cruz was also an adjunct professor of law at the University of Texas School of Law in Austin, from 2004 to 2009.[10][11]While there, he taught U.S. Supreme Court litigation.[10] Cruz is one of three Senators of Cuban descent.[12]
Cruz was the Republican nominee for the Senate seat vacated by fellow Republican Kay Bailey Hutchison.[13] On July 31, 2012, he defeated Lieutenant Governor David Dewhurst in the Republican primary runoff, 57%–43%.[14] Cruz defeated former state Representative Paul Sadler in the general election on November 6, 2012. He prevailed 56%–41% over Sadler.[14][15] Cruz openly identifies with the Tea Party movement and has been endorsed by the Republican Liberty Caucus.[16] On November 14, 2012, Cruz was appointed vice-chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee.[17]
Early life and ancestry
Cruz was born on December 22, 1970,[6][15] in Calgary, Alberta, to parents Eleanor Elizabeth Darragh Wilson and Rafael Bienvenido Cruz.[18][19][20]At the time of his birth, Cruz’ parents were working in the oil business as owners of a seismic-data processing firm for oil drilling.[21][19][22][23][19][24]
Cruz’s father was born in Cuba, and two of Ted’s paternal great-grandparents were from the Canary Islands in Spain. Cruz’s mother was born in Wilmington, Delaware, of three quarter Irish and one quarter Italian ancestry.[25][26] His father left Cuba in 1957 to attend the University of Texas at Austin, becoming a naturalized U.S. citizen in 2005.[19][27][28][29] His mother earned an undergraduate degree in mathematics from Rice University in the 1950s.[30]
On his father’s side, Cruz had two older half-sisters, Miriam and Roxana Cruz.[31] On his mother’s side Cruz had a half-brother, Michael Wilson (1960 – 1965), who died before he was born.[31] Cruz learned of the deceased sibling from his mother during his teenage years.[31]
Education
Cruz attended high school at Faith West Academy in Katy, Texas,[32] and later graduated from Second Baptist High School in Houston as valedictorian in 1988.[27][33][34] During high school, Cruz participated in a Houston-based group called the Free Market Education Foundation where he learned about free-market economic philosophers such as Milton Friedman, Friedrich Hayek, Frédéric Bastiat and Ludwig von Mises.[35] The program was run by Rolland Storey and Cruz entered the program at the age of 13.[24] At the same time, he changed his nickname from “Felito” to “Ted” after being teased about it by his peers.[36] Cruz was involved in theater during high school, though chose not to pursue an acting career. He would later say that he did not think he had the talent to succeed. Cruz came to regret not serving in the military, as he respected it “immensely.”[37]
Cruz graduated cum laude from Princeton University with a Bachelor of Arts in Public Policy[38] from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs in 1992.[4][6] While at Princeton, he competed for the American Whig-Cliosophic Society‘s Debate Paneland won the top speaker award at both the 1992 U.S. National Debating Championship and the 1992 North American Debating Championship.[39] In 1992, he was named U.S. National Speaker of the Year, as well as Team of the Year, with his debate partner, David Panton.[39] Cruz and Panton represented Harvard Law School at the 1995 World Debating Championship, making it to the semi-finals, where they lost to a team from Australia.[40][41][42] Princeton’s debate team later named their annual novice championship after Cruz.[42]
Cruz’s senior thesis on the separation of powers, titled “Clipping the Wings of Angels,” draws its inspiration from a passage attributed to President James Madison: “If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary.” Cruz argued that the drafters of the Constitution intended to protect the rights of their constituents, and that the last two items in the Bill of Rights offer an explicit stop against an all-powerful state. Cruz wrote: “They simply do so from different directions. The Tenth stops new powers, and the Ninth fortifies all other rights, or non-powers.”[30][43]
After graduating from Princeton, Cruz attended Harvard Law School, graduating magna cum laude in 1995 with a Juris Doctor degree.[6][44] While at Harvard Law, he was a primary editor of the Harvard Law Review, and executive editor of the Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, and a founding editor of the Harvard Latino Law Review.[4] Referring to Cruz’s time as a student at Harvard Law, Professor Alan Dershowitz said, “Cruz was off-the-charts brilliant.”[45][46] At Harvard Law, Cruz was a John M. Olin Fellow in Law and Economics.[10]
Cruz currently serves on the Board of Advisors of the Texas Review of Law and Politics.[10][47]
Legal career
Clerkships
Ted Cruz speaking in Nashua, New Hampshire.
Cruz served as a law clerk to J. Michael Luttig of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in 1995[7][10] and William Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States in 1996.[6] Cruz was the first Hispanic to clerk for a Chief Justice of the United States.[48]
Private practice
After Cruz finished his clerkships, he took a position with Cooper, Carvin & Rosenthal, now known as Cooper & Kirk, LLC, from 1997 to 1998.[49] While with the firm, Cruz worked on matters relating to the National Rifle Association, and helped prepare testimony for the impeachment proceedings against President Clinton.[50] Cruz also served as private counsel for Congressman John Boehner during Boehner’s lawsuit against Congressman Jim McDermott for releasing a tape recording of a Boehner telephone conversation.[51]
Bush Administration
Cruz joined the George W. Bush presidential campaign in 1999 as a domestic policy adviser, advising then-Governor George W. Bush on a wide range of policy and legal matters, including civil justice, criminal justice, constitutional law, immigration, and government reform.[49]
Cruz assisted in assembling the Bush legal team, devising strategy, and drafting pleadings for filing with the Supreme Court of Florida and U.S. Supreme Court, the specific case being Bush v. Gore, during the 2000 Florida presidential recounts, leading to two successful decisions for the Bush team.[10][52] Cruz recruited future Chief Justice John Roberts and noted attorney Mike Carvin to the Bush legal team.[50]
After President Bush took office, Cruz served as an associate deputy attorney general in the U.S. Justice Department[6][52] and as the director of policy planning at the U.S. Federal Trade Commission.[6][45][52]
Texas Solicitor General
Appointed to the office of Solicitor General of Texas by Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott,[7][53] Cruz served in that position from 2003 to 2008.[10][35] The office had been established in 1999 to handle appeals involving the state, but Abbott hired Cruz with the idea that Cruz would take a “leadership role in the United States in articulating a vision of strict construction.” As Solicitor General, Cruz argued before the Supreme Court nine times, winning five cases and losing four.[50]
Cruz has authored 70 United States Supreme Court briefs and presented 43 oral arguments, including nine before the United States Supreme Court.[7][45][54] Cruz’s record of having argued before the Supreme Court nine times is more than any practicing lawyer in Texas or any current member of Congress.[55] Cruz has commented on his nine cases in front of the U.S. Supreme Court: “We ended up year after year arguing some of the biggest cases in the country. There was a degree of serendipity in that, but there was also a concerted effort to seek out and lead conservative fights.”[55]
In 2003, while Cruz was Texas solicitor general, the Texas Attorney General’s office declined to defend Texas’ sodomy law in Lawrence v. Texas, where the U.S. Supreme Court decided that state laws banning homosexual sex as illegal sodomy were unconstitutional.[56]
In the landmark case of District of Columbia v. Heller, Cruz drafted the amicus brief signed by the attorneys general of 31 states, which said that the D.C. handgun ban should be struck down as infringing upon the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms.[54][57] Cruz also presented oral argument for the amici states in the companion case to Heller before the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.[54][58]
Cruz at the Values Voter Summit in Washington, DC., 2011
In addition to his success in Heller, Cruz successfully defended the constitutionality of the Ten Commandments monument on the Texas State Capitol grounds before the Fifth Circuit and the U.S. Supreme Court, winning 5–4 inVan Orden v. Perry.[10][45][54]
In 2004, Cruz was involved in the high-profile case, Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow,[10][45] in which he wrote a U.S. Supreme Court brief on behalf of all 50 states.[59] The Supreme Court upheld the position of Cruz’s brief.
Cruz served as lead counsel for the state and successfully defended the multiple litigation challenges to the 2003 Texas congressional redistricting plan in state and federal district courts and before the U.S. Supreme Court, which was decided 5–4 in his favor in League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry.[10][60]
Cruz also successfully defended, in Medellin v. Texas, the State of Texas against an attempt to re-open the cases of 51 Mexican nationals, all of whom were convicted of murder in the United States and were on death row.[7][10][45][54] With the support of the George W. Bush Administration, the petitioners argued that the United States had violated the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations by failing to notify the convicted nationals of their opportunity to receive legal aid from the Mexican consulate.[50][61] They based their case on a decision of the International Court of Justice in the Avena case which ruled that by failing to allow access to the Mexican consulate, the US had breached its obligations under the Convention.[62] Texas won the case in a 6–3 decision, the Supreme Court holding that ICJ decisions were not binding in domestic law and that the President had no power to enforce them.[50][61]
Cruz has been named by American Lawyer magazine as one of the 50 Best Litigators under 45 in America,[53][63] by The National Law Journal as one of the 50 Most Influential Minority Lawyers in America,[64][65] and by Texas Lawyer as one of the 25 Greatest Texas Lawyers of the Past Quarter Century.[66][67]
Private practic
After leaving the Solicitor General position in 2008, Cruz worked in a private law firm in Houston, Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, often representing corporate clients, until he was sworn in as U.S. Senator from Texas in 2013.[10][30][68] At Morgan Lewis, he led the firm’s U.S. Supreme Court and national appellate litigation practice.[68] In 2009 and 2010, he formed and then abandoned a bid for state attorney general when the incumbent Attorney General Greg Abbott, who hired Cruz as Solicitor General, decided to run for re-election.[27]
U.S. Senate
2012 election
Cruz speaking to the Values Voters Summit in October 2011
Cruz’s victory in the Republican primary was described by the Washington Post as “the biggest upset of 2012 . . . a true grassroots victory against very long odds.”[69] On January 19, 2011, after U.S. Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison said she would not seek reelection, Cruz announced his candidacy via a blogger conference call.[13] In the Republican senatorial primary, Cruz ran against sitting Lieutenant Governor David Dewhurst. Cruz was endorsed first by former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin[70] and then by the Club for Growth, a fiscally conservative political action committee;[71] Erick Erickson, editor of prominent conservative blog RedState;[72] theFreedomWorks for America super PAC;[73] nationally syndicated radio host Mark Levin;[74] former Attorney General Edwin Meese;[52] Tea Party Express;[75] Young Conservatives of Texas;[76] and U.S. Senators Tom Coburn,[77]Jim DeMint,[78] Mike Lee,[79] Rand Paul[80] and Pat Toomey.[81] He was also endorsed by former Texas Congressman Ron Paul,[82] George P. Bush,[52] and former U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania Rick Santorum.[83]
Cruz won the runoff for the Republican nomination with a 14-point margin over Dewhurst.[84] Cruz defeated Dewhurst despite being outspent by Dewhurst who held a statewide elected office.[85] Dewhurst spent $19 million and Cruz only spent $7 million.[85] Dewhurst raised over $30 million and outspent Cruz at a ratio of nearly 3-to-1.[86]
In the November 6 general election, Cruz faced Democrat Paul Sadler, an attorney and a former state representative from Henderson, in east Texas. Cruz won with 4.5 million votes (56.4%) to Sadler’s 3.2 million (40.6%). Two minor candidates garnered the remaining 3% of the vote.[14] According to a poll by Cruz’s pollster Wilson Perkins Allen Opinion Research, Cruz received 40% of the Hispanic vote, vs. 60% for Sandler, outperforming Republican Presidential candidate Mitt Romney with the Hispanic vote by 6 points.[87][88]
After Time magazine reported on a potential violation of ethics rules by failing to publicly disclose his financial relationship with Caribbean Equity Partners Investment Holdings during the 2012 campaign, Cruz called his failure to disclose these connections an inadvertent omission.[89]
Legislation
Cruz giving a speech to the Montgomery County Republican Party meeting held in Conroe, Texas, on August 19, 2013
Cruz has sponsored 25 bills of his own, including:[90]
- S.177, a bill to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the health-care related provisions of the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, introduced January 29, 2013
- S.505, a bill to prohibit the use of drones to kill citizens of the United States within the United States, introduced March 7, 2013
- S.729 and S. 730, bills to investigate and prosecute felons and fugitives who illegally purchase firearms, and to prevent criminals from obtaining firearms through straw purchases and trafficking, introduced March 15, 2013
- S.1336, a bill to permit States to require proof of citizenship for registering to vote in federal elections, introduced July 17, 2013
- S.2170, a bill to increase coal, natural gas, and crude oil exports, to approve the construction of the Keystone XL Pipeline, to expand oil drilling offshore, onshore, in the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska, and in Indian reservations, to give states the sole power of regulating hydraulic fracturing, to repeal the Renewable Fuel Standard, to prohibit the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) from regulating greenhouse gases, to require the EPA to assess how new regulations will affect employment, and to earmark natural resource revenue to paying off the federal government’s debt, introduced March 27, 2014
- S.2415, a bill to amend the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 to eliminate all limits on direct campaign contributions to candidates for public office, introduced June 3, 2014
Senate bill 2195
On April 1, 2014, Cruz introduced Senate bill 2195, a bill that would allow the President of the United States to deny visas to any ambassador to the United Nations who has been found to have been engaged in espionage activities or a terrorist activity against the United States or its allies and may pose a threat to U.S. national security interests.[91] The bill was written in response to Iran‘s choice of Hamid Aboutalebi as their ambassador.[92] Aboutalebi was involved in the Iran hostage crisis, in which of a number of American diplomats from the US embassy in Tehran were held captive in 1979.[92][93][94]
Under the headline “A bipartisan message to Iran”, Cruz thanked President Barack Obama for signing S 2195 into law. The letter, published in the magazine Politico on April 18, 2014, starts with “Thanks to President Obama for joining a unanimous Congress and signing S 2195 into law”. Cruz also thanked senators from both political parties for “swiftly passing this legislation and sending it to the White House.”[95][96][97]
Committee assignments
According to transcripts as reported by Politico, in his first two years in the Senate, Cruz attended 17 of 50 public Armed Services Committee hearings, 3 of 25 Commerce Committee hearings, 4 of the 12 Judiciary Committee hearings, and missed 21 of 135 roll call votes during the first three months of 2015.[98]
- Committee on Armed Services
- Committee on the Judiciary
- Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation
- Committee on Rules and Administration
- Special Committee on Aging
Political positions
Climate change
In January 2015, Cruz voted in the U.S. Senate that global warming is real, but not man-made, rejecting an amendment stating that human activity significantly contributes to climate change.[99]
In a March 2015 Texas Tribune interview, Cruz questioned the credibility of environmental advocates concerned about the issue of global warming by saying, “On the global warming alarmists, anyone who actually points to the evidence that disproves their apocalyptical claims, they don’t engage in reasoned debate. What do they do? They scream, ‘You’re a denier.’ They brand you a heretic. Today, the global warming alarmists are the equivalent of the flat-earthers”.[100]
Cruz has stated that satellite data shows no global warming in the past 17 years, based on a range of data that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change views as indicative of a short term trend (1998 was a particularly warm year), to deny the longer term warming trend of 360 consecutive months above the 20th century average.[101][102][103][104]
Economy
Since being elected, Cruz has characterized the economic policies of the Obama Administration as being misguided.[105] Chiding the GOP over its 2012 electoral losses, he stated that “Republicans are and should be the party of the 47 percent”[106] and has also noted that the words “growth and opportunity” ought to be tattooed on every Republican’s hand.[107]
In February 2014, Cruz opposed an unconditional increase in the debt limit.[108] He said that Republican politicians feared the truth and “they wanted to be able to tell what they view as their foolish, gullible constituents back home they didn’t do it.”[109]
Education
Cruz is a proponent of school choice.[110]
Energy policy
At a Heritage Foundation policy summit in February 2014, Cruz said that energy policy should be a key issue, stating “As much as we need to approve the Keystone pipeline, we need to think far broader than that.”[111] He pushed legislation to lift the 1970 ban on crude oil exports, and abolish the ethanol mandate.[112] Cruz received more than US$1 million in campaign donations from the oil and gas industry since 2011.[112]
Cruz was an original co-sponsor of the Keystone XL Pipeline Act, Senate Bill 1 of the 114th Congress,[113] and on January 29, 2015, voted for its passage.[114] It passed the Senate 62-36, the goal of the bill was to approve the construction of the transnational pipeline.[115] Cruz wants Congress to approve the exportation of U.S. natural gas to World Trade Organization countries.[116][117]
Environmental protection
Cruz advocates for “volunteer conservation”, and criticized efforts by the federal government’s Environmental Protection Agency to expand regulatory oversight on water use by attempting “to turn irrigation ditches into lakes and rivers and oceans”.[118]
Foreign affairs
Cruz speaking at the May 2015 Citizens United Freedom Summit
On foreign policy, Cruz has said that he is “somewhere in between” Rand Paul‘s “basically … isolationist” position and John McCain‘s active interventionism.[119]
In April 2015, Cruz filed an amendment to a bill introduced by Tennessee Senator Bob Corker, the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015, which would require affirmative Congressional approval of any Iranian nuclear dealbefore sanctions relief can occur.[120]
In 2004, Cruz criticized Democratic Presidential candidate John Kerry for being “against defending American values, against standing up to our enemies, and, in effect, for appeasing totalitarian despots.”[121] Cruz helped defeat efforts to ratify the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, arguing that the treaty infringed on US sovereignty.[50]
In 2013, Cruz stated that America had no “dog in the fight” during the Syrian civil war and stated that America’s armed forces should not serve as “al-Qaeda‘s air force”.[122] In 2014, Cruz criticized the Obama administration: “The president’s foreign policy team utterly missed the threat of ISIS, indeed, was working to arm Syrian rebels that were fighting side by side with ISIS”, calling ISIS “the face of evil”.[123] Cruz has called for bombing ISIS, but is doubtful that the United States “can tell the good guys from the bad guys” in a plan to arm “moderate” rebels, and the plan to defeat ISIS should not be “laden with impractical contingencies, such as resolving the Syrian civil war.”[124]
In 2014, Cruz spoke at an event held by the group In Defense of Christians (IDC). He was booed by the group after making statements considered pro-Israel. Cruz left the stage after telling the audience, “Those who hate Israel hate America. Those who hate Jews hate Christians. If those in this room will not recognize that, then my heart weeps. If you hate the Jewish people you are not reflecting the teachings of Christ. And the very same people who persecute and murder Christians right now, who crucify Christians, who behead children, are the very same people who target Jews for their faith, for the same reason”.[125] Some commentators believe there is a divide in the conservative movement between those who sided with Cruz and Israel, and those who sided with Middle Eastern Christians and some arguing that Cruz’s comments were out-of-bounds.[126] Others who criticized Cruz included Mollie Hemingwayand Ross Douthat.[127] Cruz apologized for questioning the motives of his critics and said that all should be united in speaking out against persecution of religious minorities.[128]
Gun rights
Cruz is a gun-rights supporter.[129] On March 25, 2013, an announcement was made by Cruz and U.S. Senators Rand Paul and Mike Lee threatening to filibuster any legislation that would entail gun control, such as the Manchin-Toomey Amendment, which would require additional background checks on sales at gun shows.[130] On April 17, 2013, Cruz voted against the Manchin-Toomey Amendment.[131] Republicans successfully filibustered the amendment by a vote of 54–46, as 60 votes were needed for cloture.[132]
In April 2015, Cruz stated “what I have been pressing is the Armed Services Committee” to hold hearings on whether service members should be allowed to carry concealed firearms on military bases.[133] He believes that service members should be better equipped to protect themselves from incidents like the Navy Yard and Fort Hood mass shootings.[133] He further added, “I think it’s very important to have a public discussion about why we’re denying our soldiers the ability to exercise their Second Amendment rights“.[133]
Health care
Cruz is a strong critic of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which he usually refers to as “Obamacare”. He has sponsored legislation that would repeal the health care reform law and its amendments in the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010.
After the launch of the HealthCare.gov website, with which there were significant implementation problems,[134] Cruz stated, “Obamacare is a disaster. You have the well-publicized problems with the website. It just isn’t working.”[134] He called for Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius to resign.[134]
In 2014, some claim Cruz unintentionally gave majority leader Harry Reid the procedural opening he needed to allow a Senate vote to confirm Vivek Murthy, who had raised concerns about the health effects of gun ownership, to be United States Surgeon General,[135] though it has been reported Reid intended to push through the remaining confirmations of President Obama’s nominees regardless.[136]
In the summer of 2013, Cruz started a “nationwide tour” sponsored by The Heritage Foundation to promote a congressional effort to defund the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, arguing that Republicans should unite in upcoming Continuing Resolution negotiations to defund Obamacare and with regard to a potential government shutdown Cruz downplayed worries of the political risk to Republicans by citing the results of the 1996 midterm elections.[137][138]
On September 24, 2013, Cruz began a speech on the floor of the Senate regarding the Affordable Care Act relative to a continuing resolution designed to fund the government and avert a government shutdown.[139][140] Cruz promised to keep speaking until he was “no longer able to stand”.[141] Cruz yielded the floor at noon the following day for the start of the proceeding legislative session after twenty-one hours nineteen minutes.[142] His speech was the fourth-longest in United States Senate history.[143] Following Cruz’s speech, the Senate voted 100–0 regarding a “procedural hurdle toward passing a stopgap funding bill to avert a government shutdown”.[144] Cruz was joined by 18 Republican senators in his effort to prevent stripping out a clause that would have defunded the Affordable Care Act by voting against the cloture motion, leaving the effort 21 votes short of the required number to deny cloture.[145]
Cruz is cited in the press as having been a major force behind the U.S. government shutdown in 2013.[146][147] Cruz delivered a message on October 11, 2013 to fellow Republicans against accepting Obamacare and, describing it as a “train wreck”, claimed the American people remain “energized” around the goal of gutting the law.[148] Cruz stated Obamacare is causing “enormous harm” to the economy.[148] Republican strategist Mike Murphy stated: “Cruz is trying to start a wave of Salem witch trials in the G.O.P. on the shutdown and Obamacare, and that fear is impacting some people’s calculations on 2016.”[147] Cruz said that he “didn’t threaten to shut down the government” and blamed the shutdown on President Barack Obama and Senate Majority Leader Harry M. Reid.[149]
The Houston Chronicle, which had endorsed Cruz in the general election, regretted that he had not lived up to the standard set by the previous U.S. Senator from Texas, Kay Bailey Hutchison.[150][151] After a deal was made to end the shutdown and extend the debt-ceiling deadline, Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell called Cruz’s actions “not a smart play” and a “tactical error”,[152] and Cruz stated: “I would do anything, and I will continue to do anything I can, to stop the train wreck that is Obamacare. The test that matters… is are we doing anything for all the people that are getting hurt from Obamacare?”[153] In March 2015, Cruz announced his wife would be taking an unpaid leave of absence and would no longer have access to health insurance through her employer, so they purchased private insurance rather than enter the health care exchange.[154]
Internet regulation
Cruz opposes net neutrality arguing that the Internet economy has flourished in the United States simply because it has remained largely free from government regulation.[155] He believes regulating the Internet will stifle online innovation and create monopolies.[156]He has expressed support for stripping the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of its power under Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996,[155] and opposes reclassifying internet service providers as common carriers under Title II of theCommunications Act of 1934.[157]
Minimum wage
In 2015, Cruz opposed President Obama’s plan to raise the federal minimum wage to $10.10 per hour, stating that he believes it would cause large scale job loss.[158] When discussing whether or not to have a minimum wage in general, Cruz stated “I think the minimum wage consistently hurts the most vulnerable.”[158]
National Security Agency
Cruz has raised concerns that the National Security Agency has not been effective in its surveillance of potential terrorists while intruding needlessly into the lives of ordinary Americans.[159]
Social issues
Cruz is pro-life. The only exception to his pro-life views is “when a pregnancy endangers the mother’s life”.[160][161]
Cruz supports legally defined marriage as only “between one man and one woman,”[162] but believes that the legality of same-sex marriage should be left to each state to decide.[163] On February 10, 2015, Cruz re-introduced the State Marriage Defense Act.[164]Cruz opposes participation in gay pride marches, criticizing Dallas’ Republican mayor Tom Leppert, stating “When a mayor of a city chooses twice to march in a parade celebrating gay pride that’s a statement and it’s not a statement I agree with.”[165] He voted against reauthorizing the Violence Against Women Act, which included provisions to extend protection to lesbians, gays, immigrants, and Native Americans.[165] In a speech in Waukee, Iowa, Cruz said that “[t]here is a liberal fascism that is dedicated to going after believing Christians who follow the biblical teaching on marriage.”[166]
Cruz opposes the legalization of marijuana, but believes it should be decided at the state level.[167]
Taxes
Cruz advocates the abolition of the IRS, and implementing a flat tax “where the average American can fill out taxes on a postcard”.[168] He opposes the Marketplace Fairness Act, saying that it imposes a burdensome tax that will hurt competition by creating additional costs for internet-based businesses.[169]
Water
Cruz voted against the Water Resources Development Act of 2013, that would have created the National Endowment for the Oceans and authorize more than $26 billion in projects to be built by the Army Corps of Engineers, at least $16 billion of which would have come from federal taxpayers.[170][171] Cruz voted against the bill because it neglected “to reduce a substantial backlog of projects, to the detriment of projects with national implications, such as the Sabine-Neches Waterway“.[172] Cruz stated that the Corps’ responsibilities were expanded without providing adequate measures for state participation.[172] Proponents of the bill argued that it would provide steady funding to support research and restoration projects, funded primarily by dedicating 12.5% of revenues from offshore energy development, including oil, gas, and renewable energy, through offshore lease sales and production based royalty payments, distributed through a competitive grant program.[173]
Presidential campaign
Senator Cruz speaking at the 2014 Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in National Harbor, Maryland.
Commentators have expressed their opinion that Cruz would run for President in 2016.[174][175][176] On March 14, 2013, Cruz gave the keynote speech at the 2013 Conservative Political Action Conference in Washington DC.[177] He came in tied for 7th place in the 2013 CPAC straw poll on March 16, winning 4% of the votes cast.[178] In October 2013, Cruz won the Values Voter Summit Presidential straw poll with 42% of the vote.[179] Cruz came in first place in the two most recent Presidential straw polls conducted in 2014 with 30.33% of the vote at the Republican Leadership Conference[180] and 43% of the vote at the Republican Party of Texas state convention.[181]
Cruz did speaking events in the summer of 2013 across Iowa, New Hampshire and South Carolina, early primary states, leading to speculation that he was laying the groundwork for a run for President in 2016.[182] Legal analyst Jeffrey Toobin describes Cruz as the first potential Presidential candidate to emphasize originalism as a major national issue.[50]
Since Cruz was born in Canada, commentators for the Austin American-Statesman[183] and the Los Angeles Times,[184] have speculated about Cruz’s legal status as a natural-born citizen. Because he was a U.S. citizen at birth (his mother was a U.S. citizen who lived in the U.S. for more than 10 years as outlined by the Nationality Act of 1940), most commentators believe Cruz is eligible to serve as President of the United States.[18][185][186][187]Despite many legal experts opinions to the contrary, conservative legal activist Larry Klayman, Orly Taitz, one of the leading proponents of the “birther” movement during Obama’s presidency, Joseph Farah of World Net Daily, and Donald Trump, have stated that Cruz is not a natural born citizen and thus not eligible to run for president.[188]
On April 12, 2014, Cruz spoke at the Freedom Summit, an event organized by Americans for Prosperity, and Citizens United.[189] The event was attended by several potential presidential candidates.[190] In his speech, Cruz mentioned that Latinos, young people and single mothers, are the people most affected by the recession, and that the Republican Party should make outreach efforts to these constituents. He also said that the words “growth and opportunity” should be tattooed on the hands of every Republican politician.[189]
On March 23, 2015, Cruz announced on his Twitter page: “I’m running for President and I hope to earn your support!”[191] He was the first announced major Republican presidential candidate for the 2016 campaign.[192][193]
HarperCollins published Cruz’s book A Time for Truth: Reigniting the Promise of America on June 30, 2015.[194] The book reached the bestseller list of several organizations in its first week of release.[195][196]
Personal life
Cruz with his wife Heidi at a rally in Houston, March 2015
Cruz married Heidi Nelson in 2001.[197] The couple has two daughters:[198] Caroline (born 2008) and Catherine (born 2011). Cruz met his wife while working on the George W. Bush presidential campaign of 2000. She is currently taking leave from her position as head of the Southwest Region in the Investment Management Division of Goldman, Sachs & Co. and previously worked in the White House for Condoleezza Rice and in New York as an investment banker.[199]
Cruz has said, “I’m Cuban, Irish, and Italian, and yet somehow I ended up Southern Baptist.”[1]
When he was a child, Cruz’s mother told him that she would have to make an affirmative act to claim Canadian citizenship for him, so his family assumed that he did not hold Canadian citizenship.[200] In August 2013, after the Dallas Morning News pointed out that Cruz had dual Canadian-American citizenship,[187] he applied to formally renounce his Canadian citizenship and ceased being a citizen of Canada on May 14, 2014.[200][201]
Accolades
Rick Manning of Americans for Limited Government in The Hill, on December 27, 2013, named Cruz “2013 Person of the Year.”[202] Manning stated that “of course, Cruz made his biggest mark when he and fellow freshman Sen. Mike Lee (R-Utah) led a last-ditch national grassroots effort to defund ObamaCare before the law went into effect fully. Imagine how many Senate Democrats wish right now that they had heeded Cruz’s entreaties and agreed to delaying or defunding it for one year. Now, they are stuck with the law and all its consequences.”[202]
Cruz was also named “2013 Man of the Year” by TheBlaze,[203] FrontPage Magazine[204] and The American Spectator,[205] “2013 Conservative of the Year” by Townhall.com,[206] “2013 Statesman of the Year” by the Republican Party ofSarasota County, Florida[207][208] and was a finalist in both “2013 Texan of the Year” by The Dallas Morning News[209] and a “2013 Person of the Year” finalist by Time.[210]
Electoral history
- 2012 Republican primary
| Republican primary results, May 29, 2012[14] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
| Republican | David Dewhurst | 624,170 | 44.6 | |
| Republican | Ted Cruz | 479,079 | 34.2 | |
| Republican | Tom Leppert | 186,675 | 13.3 | |
| Republican | Craig James | 50,211 | 3.6 | |
| Republican | Glenn Addison | 22,888 | 1.6 | |
| Republican | Lela Pittenger | 18,028 | 1.3 | |
| Republican | Ben Gambini | 7,193 | 0.5 | |
| Republican | Curt Cleaver | 6,649 | 0.5 | |
| Republican | Joe Argis | 4,558 | 0.3 | |
| Total votes | 1,399,451 | 100 | ||
- 2012 Republican primary runoff
| Republican runoff results, July 31, 2012[14] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
| Republican | Ted Cruz | 631,316 | 56.8 | |
| Republican | David Dewhurst | 480,165 | 43.2 | |
| Total votes | 1,111,481 | 100 | ||
- 2012 General Election
| General Election, November 6, 2012[14] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
| Republican | Ted Cruz | 4,469,843 | 56.45 | |
| Democratic | Paul Sadler | 3,194,927 | 40.62 | |
| Libertarian | John Jay Myers | 162,354 | 2.06 | |
| Green | David Collins | 67,404 | 0.85 | |
| Total votes | 7,864,822 | 100 | ||
See also
- List of Harvard University people
- List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress
- List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
- List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement
- List of foreign-born United States politicians
- Republican Party presidential candidates, 2016
The Whistle Blower (1986) — Video
The Whistle Blower (1986) Michael Caine Full Movie
The Whistle Blower
| The Whistle Blower | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Directed by | Simon Langton |
| Produced by | Geoffrey Reeve |
| Written by | John Hale (book) Julian Bond |
| Starring | |
|
Release dates
|
December 1986 (UK) 10 July 1987 (USA) |
|
Running time
|
100 minutes |
| Country | UK |
| Language | English |
| Box office | $1,500,000[1] |
The Whistle Blower is a 1986 British spy thriller film, starring Michael Caine, based on the novel of the same name by John Hale. It was directed by Simon Langton, the son of actor David Langton, who co-stars in the film.
Plot
Frank Jones (Caine) is a retired British naval officer and Korean War veteran, who is now a businessman. His bright but naive and idealistic son, Robert (Nigel Havers), works as a linguist at GCHQ, the top secret British intelligence listening station, using his love of Russian to listen to various pieces of communication on the other side of the Iron Curtain.
The film opens on Remembrance Day in Whitehall, as the war veterans line up to walk past the Cenotaph, then moves back to a conversation between Frank and his son at Robert’s flat some months earlier, where Robert tells Frank that strange things are happening at GCHQ, and he’s planning on leaving and marrying an older woman called Cynthia (Felicity Dean) with whom he’s fallen in love.
Robert says a Soviet mole was found, and that security is all over the place encouraging people to rat on each other. The higher ups seem convinced that if they don’t do something, their American friends in the CIA will stop working with them. Frank isn’t thrilled over the marriage plans, and he tells his son before he leaves that it’s unlikely anything off key can be happening in the agency. It’s obvious that Frank loves his son deeply and wants him to be happy, whatever he may choose for himself.
The scene cuts to a room in British Intelligence, where operatives including Bruce (Gordon Jackson) are listening to a tape recording of the conversation between Frank and his son.
A few days later, police tell Frank that Robert has died in a fall in an apparent suicide, and a verdict of accidental death is recorded. However, in the midst of his grief, Frank is puzzled by the circumstances of his son’s death and decides to use his old skills to conduct his own investigation. He approaches his friend Charles Greig (Barry Foster), who had joined MI6 after his service in the navy. Greig agrees to make discreet enquiries on his part.
Returning to Robert’s flat, Frank is confronted by radical socialist journalist Bill Pickett (Kenneth Colley), who had arranged to meet Robert to discuss the problems at British Intelligence, but Frank rejects his investigative approaches. Frank is also told that he is in the running for a large government contract for his firm, with an implicit undertone that he not make waves about his son’s death.
The rest of the film digs into an examination of the British establishment which is disturbing and ugly, and make Frank question his view of the country he loves. There are strong echoes of the Anthony Blunt case and the Cambridge spies. Frank, discreetly pursued by British Intelligence, finds men who easily consider others expendable if their ideas of class and privilege are endangered.
Pickett is also killed in mysterious circumstances in a traffic accident, having found out the name of the man who Robert wished him to meet before meeting Frank. Frank is then approached by Robert’s best friend and fellow British intelligence linguist Allen Goodburn (Andrew Hawkins) at Robert’s funeral. Frank learns from Goodburn that it was his good friend Grieg who had approached him as to Robert’s feelings for the service. Frank gets Grieg drunk and gets him to confess that he was at Robert’s flat the night Robert died. Greig admits he was there as the service had something on him, but that his job was only to leave the door open and let “others” heavy-hand Robert, not kill him. he also reveals the name of the mole as Sir Adrian Chapple (John Gielgud).
Leaving Grieg in his drunken stupor, Frank is picked up by British Intelligence and driven to a country house, where he is confronted by Secretary to the Cabinet (David Langton) and Lord (James Fox). They explain to him that his son was out of control, and was killed as part of a plan to mislead the Americans to the extent of the depth of Russian intelligence’s operatives inside British operations, in the hope that they could continue to gain intelligence from the CIA. They have presently left the higher Russian operative in place, until they can assess the extent of the damage caused. They advise Frank that should he go public with any of this information, he and/or Robert’s girlfriend Cynthia and her daughter will be killed or at least restrained.
The film returns to the present, and the Remembrance Day parade. Frank confronts Chapple at his home in Whitehall, and gets him to confess to being a spy for Russia. Frank orders him to sign a full confession, which he does, but as Frank reads it, Chapple produces a gun and demands its return. Frank grabs the gun, which goes off and kills Chapple — leaving his signed confession to act as a suicide note and put Frank in the clear. He returns to the Remembrance Day parade.
The closing credits roll to an ambulance attending the death of Chapple, as Frank walks past the Cenotaph up Whitehall.
Production
The film was largely shot on location in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire; home of GCHQ, which forms the premise of the film. Cheltenham Racecourse, Cheltenham Crematorium and The Promenade feature in the film[2]
Response
Though it was given a limited release, the film opened to positive reviews. It has an approval rating of 86% on Rotten Tomatoes.
Cast
- Michael Caine – Frank Jones
- James Fox – Lord
- Nigel Havers – Robert Jones
- John Gielgud – Sir Adrian Chapple
- Felicity Dean – Cynthia Goodburn
- Barry Foster – Charles Greig
- Gordon Jackson – Bruce
- Kenneth Colley – Bill Pickett
- David Langton – Secretary to the Cabinet
- Dinah Stabb – Rose
- James Simmons (actor) – Mark
- Katherine Reeve – Tiffany Goodburn
- Bill Wallis – Ramsay Dodgson
- Trevor Cooper – Inspector Bourne
- Peter Miles – Stephen Kedge
- David Shaughnessy – Medical officer
- Patrick Holt – Irate driver
References
- Jump up^ “The Whistle Blower”. Box Office Mojo. IMDb.com Inc. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- Jump up^ ‘The Whistle Blower Locations’ at Gloucestershire On Screen
Happy Birthday Little Richard — Videos
Little Richard Long Tall Sally – Tutti Frutti
Lucille♪
Little Richard – “Long Tall Sally” – from “Don’t Knock The Rock” – HQ 1956
LITTLE RICHARD – Long Tall Sally
Little Richard – Whole Lotta Shakin’ Going On – It’s Little Richard 1963
It’s Little Richard. 1964 UK TV Show
Little Richard Live in France 1966 Part 1
Little Richard – Live In France . 1966
Little Richard – Tutti Frutti [Live]
Little Richard – Tutti Frutti
Little Richard – Keep a Knockin’ 1990
Little Richard on Sally Jessy Raphael (1994)
Little Richard on Tom Snyder (1997)
Little Richard – Good Golly Miss Molly (Muhammad Ali’s 50th Birthday)
Little Richard Inducts Otis Redding into the Hall of Fame
Little Richard is The King of Rock’n’Roll
Little Richard Funny Moments Part 1
Little Richard Funny Moments Part 2
Little Richard The Dick Cavett Show 1970 Lucille Lawdy Miss Clawdy + Interview
Little Richard talks about Michael Jackson on Joan Rivers Show
Little Richard Interview with Bill Boggs
Little Richard – ‘Speaking Freely’
LIttle Richard Being Funny
Little Richard Movie 2000
Little Richard
| Little Richard | |
|---|---|
 |
Background informationBirth nameRichard Wayne PennimanBornDecember 5, 1932
Macon, Georgia, United StatesGenresR&B, rock and roll, gospel,soulOccupation(s)Singer-songwriterInstrumentsVocals, pianoYears active1947–presentLabelsRCA Victor, Peacock,Specialty, End, Goldisc Records, Little Star Records,Mercury, Atlantic, Vee-Jay,Modern, Okeh, Brunswick,Reprise, K-Tel, Warner Bros.,DisneyAssociated actsBilly Wright, Larry Williams,Don Covay, Billy Preston, Jimi Hendrix
Richard Wayne Penniman (born December 5, 1932), known by his stage name Little Richard, is an American recording artist, songwriter, and musician. He has been an influential figure in popular music and culture for over six decades. Penniman’s most celebrated work dates from the mid-1950s where his dynamic music and charismatic showmanship laid the foundation for rock and roll. His music also had a pivotal impact on the formation of other popular music genres, including soul and funk. Penniman influenced numerous singers and musicians across musical genres from rock to rap.
Penniman has been honored by many institutions, including inductions into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and theSongwriters Hall of Fame. He is the recipient of Lifetime Achievement Awards from The Recording Academy and theRhythm and Blues Foundation. Penniman’s “Tutti Frutti” (1955) was included in the Library of Congress’ National Recording Registry in 2010, claiming the “unique vocalizing over the irresistible beat announced a new era in music.”
Early life
Little Richard was born Richard Wayne Penniman in Macon, Georgia, on December 5, 1932, the third-eldest of twelve. His parents were Leva Mae (née Stewart) and Charles “Bud” Penniman. His father was a church deacon who sold bootlegged moonshine on the side and owned his own nightclub, the Tip In Inn.[1][2] His mother was a member of Macon’s New Hope Baptist Church.[3] Initially, Penniman’s first name was supposed to have been “Ricardo” but an error resulted in “Richard” instead.[1][4] The Penniman children were raised in the poor neighborhood of Macon called Pleasant Hill.[3] He was nicknamed “Lil’ Richard” by family due to his small and skinny frame as a child. A mischievous child who played pranks on neighbors, Penniman began singing in church at a young age.[5][6] Possibly due to complications at birth, Penniman had a slight deformity that left one of his legs shorter than the other. This produced an unusual gait, for which he was mocked over its allegedly effeminate appearance.[7]
Penniman’s family was highly religious, joining various A.M.E., Baptist and Pentecostal churches, with some family members becoming ministers. Penniman enjoyed the Pentecostal churches the most due to its charismatic worship and live music.[8] He later recalled that people in his neighborhood during segregation sang gospel songs throughout the day to keep a positive outlook because “there was so much poverty, so much prejudice in those days.”[9] Penniman had observed that people sang “to feel their connection with God” and to wash their trials and burdens away.[10] Gifted with a loud singing voice, Penniman recalled that he was “always changing the key upwards” and that they once stopped him from singing in church for “screaming and hollering” so loud, earning him the nickname “War Hawk”.[11]
Penniman’s initial musical influences were gospel performers, such as Brother Joe May, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Mahalia Jackson and Marion Williams. May, who as a singing evangelist was known as the “Thunderbolt of the Middle West” due to his phenomenal range and vocal power, inspired the boy to become a preacher.[12][13] Penniman attended Macon’s Hudson High School where he was a below-average student. His musical talent, however, was recognized there when he learned to play the alto saxophone. Penniman’s mother recalled how Richard was “always musical” and that when he was young, he would always “beat on the steps of the house, and on tin cans and pots and pans, or whatever”, while singing.[14] She also recalled that Richard was so quick at learning to play the saxophone that he was allowed to play with the school’s marching band immediately.[14] While in high school, Penniman obtained a part-time job at the Macon City Auditoriumfor local secular and gospel concert promoter Clint Brantley. Penniman sold Coca-Cola to crowds during concerts of star performers of the day, such as Cab Calloway, Lucky Millinder and his favorite singer, Sister Rosetta Tharpe.[15]
Music career
Beginnings
On October 27, 1947, Sister Rosetta Tharpe heard 14-year-old Penniman singing two of her gospel recordings before her concert at the Macon City Auditorium. Tharpe was so impressed that she invited him to sing onstage during the concert.[15] Clint Brantley recalled that Penniman approached him before the show, announcing that Tharpe was allowing him to open the show. Brantley, as the promoter, told him he could not. However, when the curtain lifted, Penniman began to sing and surprised Brantley with his vocal ability. The crowd cheered and Tharpe paid him for his performance. Penniman was hooked on performing for a living after that.[16] He began singing with traveling shows that came through town and was losing interest in school. He would sing to draw people to the local town prophet and spiritualist, Doctor Nubilio, who wore a turban, a colorful cape and carried a black stick and something that people came to see which Nubilio called “the devil’s child” – a dried up body of a baby with claw feet like a bird and horns on its head. Nubilio told Penniman that he was “gonna be famous” but that he would have to “go where the grass is greener.”[17] Due to problems at home and school and associations in the community, Penniman left and joined Dr. Hudson’s Medicine Show in 1948, performing “Caldonia“.[17] Penniman recalled the song was the first secular R&B song he learned due to his family’s strict rules against playing R&B music, which they considered “devil music”.[18] Penniman soon joined his first musical band, Buster Brown’s Orchestra. While performing with the band, he began using the name Little Richard.[19] After his tenure with the band ended in 1950, Penniman began performing for various vaudeville groups including Sugarfoot Sam from Alabam, the Tidy Jolly Steppers, the King Brothers Circus and Broadway Follies, earning a reputation as a drag performer.[20] Around this time, Penniman began listening more to R&B and frequented Atlanta clubs where he witnessed Roy Brown and Billy Wright. Heavily influenced by Wright’s flamboyant persona and showmanship, Penniman began performing as a solo artist as part of the chitlin’ circuit.[21] Penniman gained notoriety for high-energy onstage antics during live performances.[22] He eventually befriended Wright during an Atlanta performance in 1950.[23]
In 1951, Wright put Penniman in contact with his manager, Zenas Sears, a local deejay. Sears recorded Penniman at his station backed by Wright’s band. The recordings led to a contract that year with RCA Victor.[24] Penniman recorded a total of eight sides for RCA, including the blues ballad, “Every Hour”, which became his first single and a hit in the Georgia area.[24] The release of “Every Hour” improved his relationship with his father, who began regularly performing the song at his nightclub.[24] After its release, Penniman fronted Perry Welch and His Orchestra, playing at clubs and army bases for $100 a week.[25] Penniman learned how to play boogie-woogie piano from teenage musician Esquerita around this time.[26] Penniman left RCA Victor in February 1952 after his records failed to catch on. That same month, his father was suddenly killed after a confrontation outside his club. Penniman, struggling with poverty, settled for work as a dishwasher for Greyhound Lines and hired Clint Brantley as his manager.[27] He formed a band called the Tempo Toppers that year and began to perform as part of blues package tours in clubs across the south, such as New Orleans’ Club Tijuana and Houston’s Club Matinee.[28][29] With the Tempo Toppers, Penniman signed with Don Robey‘sPeacock Records in February 1953, recording eight sides, including four with Johnny Otis and his band that were unreleased at the time.[30] [31] Penniman had a contentious relationship with Robey and soon found himself disenchanted with the record business and with his group, leaving Peacock and disbanding the Tempo Toppers. That same year, Penniman formed a hard-driving R&B band, the Upsetters, which included drummer Charles Connor and saxophonist Wilbert “Lee Diamond” Smith, which toured under Brantley’s management.[32][33][34] The Upsetters began to tour successfully, even without a bass player on songs, forcing drummer Connor to thump “real hard” on his bass drum in order to get a “bass fiddle effect.”[32]
Under the suggestion of Lloyd Price, Penniman sent a two-song demo for Price’s label, Specialty Records, in February 1955. Time passed before Penniman got a call to record for the label.[35] Art Rupe, owner of Specialty Records, loaned Penniman money to buy out his Peacock contract and Rupe set him up to work with producer Robert “Bumps” Blackwell.[36] Upon hearing the demo, Blackwell felt Penniman was Specialty’s answer to Ray Charles. Penniman told Blackwell he preferred the sound of Fats Domino. As a result, Penniman began recording at Cosimo Matassa‘s J&M Studios in New Orleans that September, recording there with several of Domino’s session musicians including drummer Earl Palmer and saxophonist Lee Allen.[37] Initial cuts failed to produce anything to inspire huge sales and Penniman and his producer took a break at a club called the Dew Drop Inn. While there, Penniman performed a risqué song he had improvised from his days on the club circuit called “Tutti Frutti“.[38] The song’s a cappella introduction was based off a drum rhythm Penniman had devised. Blackwell felt the song had hit potential and hired songwriter Dorothy LaBostrie to replace some of Penniman’s sexual lyrics with less controversial words.[39][40] Recorded in three takes in September 1955, “Tutti Frutti” was released as a single in November.[41]
Initial success and conversion
A lot of songs I sang to crowds first to watch their reaction. That’s how I knew they’d hit.
“Tutti Frutti” became an instant hit, reaching No. 2 on Billboard magazine’s Rhythm and Blues Best-Sellers chart and crossing over to the pop charts in both the United States and overseas in the United Kingdom. It reached No. 17 on the Billboard Top 100 in America and No. 29 on the British singles chart, eventually selling a million copies.[22][43] Penniman’s next hit single, “Long Tall Sally” (1956), became his first to reach No. 1 on the R&B chart and the first to reach the top ten of the pop charts in both America and Britain. Like “Tutti Frutti”, it sold over a million copies. Following his success, Penniman built up his backup band, The Upsetters, with the addition of saxophonists Clifford “Gene” Burks and leader Grady Gaines, bassist Olsie “Baysee” Robinson and guitarist Nathaniel “Buster” Douglas.[44] Penniman began performing on package tours across the United States, often appearing last, where he would steal the show. Art Rupe described the differences between Penniman and a similar hitmaker of the early rock and roll period by stating that, while “the similarities between Little Richard and Fats Domino for recording purposes were close”, Penniman would sometimes stand up at the piano while he was recording and that onstage, where Domino was “plodding, very slow”, Penniman was “very dynamic, completely uninhibited, unpredictable, wild. So the band took on the ambience of the vocalist.”[45] During a period of racial tension in the United States, Penniman attracted mixed-race audiences at a time when public places were divided into “white” and “colored” domains. H.B. Barnum later explained that Penniman “opened the door. He brought the races together”.[46] Prior to Penniman, audiences in musical shows were either “all black or all white and no one else could come in.”[46] Penniman’s success enabled audiences of both races to enter the building, albeit still segregated (e.g. blacks on the balcony and whites on the main floor). By the end of Penniman’s performances, however, the audiences would come together to dance.[47] Despite broadcasts on TV from local supremacist groups such as the North Alabama White Citizens Council warning how rock and roll “brings the races together”, Penniman’s popularity was helping to shatter shibboleths that held that black performers could not successfully perform at “white-only venues”, especially in the South where racism was most overt.[48]
Penniman’s show, according to Barnum, was the first rock and roll show to use spotlights and flicker lights, which had been a show business tradition, accentuating Penniman’s innovative use of colorful capes, blouse shirts, makeup and suits studded with multi-colored precious stones and sequins.[49] Penniman’s onstage antics often included running on and off the stage, lifting his leg while playing his piano, and jumping up and down onstage and atop the piano, bringing audiences into a frenzy.[50] Fans reacted in similar and sometimes extreme ways. During Penniman’s show at Baltimore’s Royal Theatre in June 1956, several fans had to be restrained from jumping off the balcony. Cops stopped the show twice to prevent fans who had rushed the stage from ripping souvenirs off of Penniman.[51] During the same show, a woman threw a pair of her undergarments onstage at Penniman, leading other female fans to repeat the action.[51]
Penniman had nine hits in America in 1956 and five in Britain, with recordings such as “Slippin’ and Slidin’“, “Rip It Up” “Ready Teddy“, “The Girl Can’t Help It” and “Lucille“. Most of Penniman’s earlier hits inspired covers by the likes of Pat Boone, Elvis Presley and Bill Haley. Described as having “electrifying movie-star looks”, Penniman accepted brief roles in movies such as Don’t Knock the Rock, Mister Rock and Roll and The Girl Can’t Help It.[52] His success continued in 1957 with international hits such as “Jenny, Jenny” and “Keep A-Knockin’“. Penniman scored further hit singles such as “Good Golly Miss Molly“, eventually scoring 18 hit singles in less than three years.[53][54]
“Good Golly, Miss Molly”, 45 rpm recording on Specialty Records
In May 1957, Penniman released his first album, Here’s Little Richard, which reached No. 13 on the Billboard Top LPs chart, then a rare feat for a rock and roll artist. Penniman’s success made him a millionaire and in late 1956, he settled in Los Angeles, purchasing a mansion in a wealthy section of the city, where he lived next door to boxer Joe Louis.[55] He had engaged in a serious romance with Audrey Robinson, then a teenage college student and later a stripper under the stage name Lee Angel.[56] In October 1957, Penniman embarked on a package tour in Australia with Gene Vincent and Eddie Cochran. During the middle of the tour, he shocked the public by announcing his decision to follow a life in the ministry.[57]Penniman later explained that during a flight from Melbourne to Sydney that he had seen the plane’s red hot engines and felt angels were holding it up.[58] During the Sydney performance, Penniman saw a bright red fireball flying across the sky above him and was deeply shaken.[58] He took the event, later revealed as the launching of the first artificial Earth satelliteSputnik 1, as a sign from God to repent from performing secular music and his wild lifestyle and enter the ministry.[57]Returning to the states ten days early, Penniman later learned that his original return flight had crashed into the Pacific Ocean solidifying his belief he was doing as God wanted.[59] After a performance at the Apollo Theater and a recording session with Specialty later that month, Penniman enrolled at Oakwood College in Huntsville, Alabama, to studytheology.[60][61] Fueling his decision to leave the music business was Penniman’s feeling that he hadn’t received proper remuneration from Specialty.[62] Upon ending his contract with Specialty in 1959, Penniman reluctantly agreed to relinquish any royalties for his material.[63] In 1958, he formed the Little Richard Evangelistic Team, traveling across the country to preach.[64] A month after his conversion, while speaking at an evangelical convention in November 1957, Penniman met Ernestine Campbell, a secretary from Washington, D.C. He married her on July 11, 1959.[65]
Around this time, Penniman began recording gospel and had some chart success with songs such as “He’s Not Just a Soldier” and “Crying in the Chapel”. Another gospel single, “He Got What He Wanted”, reached the top 40 in the UK.[66] Childhood hero Mahalia Jackson acknowledged his gospel efforts after hearing him sing at Mount Moriah Baptist Church in Los Angeles.[67] After working with Penniman on the Mercury album King of the Gospel Singers, Quincy Jones remarked in 1984 that his performance in the studio impressed him more than any other artist with whom he had worked.[68]
Return to secular music
I heard so much about the audience reaction, I thought there must be some exaggeration. But it was all true. He drove the whole house into a complete frenzy … I couldn’t believe the power of Little Richard onstage. He was amazing.
In 1962, concert promoter Don Arden convinced Penniman to tour Europe after telling him his records were still selling well there. Arden booked him as the headline artist with Sam Cooke second on the bill.[70] Penniman performed gospel material at the first show without Cooke opening due to the delay of his arrival, receiving a tepid reaction. After Cooke opened the second show with vigorous applause from the crowd, Penniman and his organist Billy Preston warmed up in darkness before launching into “Long Tall Sally”, resulting in hysterical responses. Penniman’s shows received similar responses wherever he would perform, including a show at Mansfield‘s Granada Theatre, which closed early due to fans rushing the stage.[71]Wanting to capitalize on Penniman’s headline-grabbing performances, Beatles manager Brian Epstein asked Penniman and Arden to allow his newly recorded band to open for Penniman on some tour dates to which they agreed, first opening at New Brighton‘s Tower Ballroom that October.[72] The following month, the Beatles opened for Penniman at the Star Club inHamburg.[73] During this time, Penniman advised the group on how to perform his songs and taught Paul McCartney his trademark vocalizations.[73] Back in the U.S., Penniman recorded six rock and roll songs with the Upsetters for Little Star Records, under the name “World Famous Upsetters”, allowing him to keep his options open in the ministry.
Penniman returned to the UK the following fall, with the Rolling Stones as openers.[74] At the end of that tour, he starred in his own special, The Little Richard Spectacular, for Granada Television. The special became a ratings success and led to two rebroadcasts following over 60,000 fan letters. Footage of the special was shown around the world, highlighting the frenzy associated with rock and roll.[75] In 1964, Penniman returned briefly to Specialty and recorded five songs, including the charted single, “Bama Lama Bama Loo”, which reached the top 20 in the UK but only made 82 in the US.[76] Later that year, he signed with Vee-Jay Records and issued the album Little Richard Is Back (And There’s a Whole Lotta Shakin’ Goin’ On!). The album failed to catch on domestically, despite a televised performance of the single “Whole Lotta Shakin’ Goin’ On” on Shindig! that drew wild responses from audience members. By September 1964, Jimi Hendrix had joined the Upsetters band, as a full member.[77] In December, Jimi and some ’50s band members joined Richard in New York for a session of remakes. The most successful collaboration between Little Richard and Hendrix came in the following year, also in New York, when Hendrix, Billy Preston, and Penniman recorded the soul ballad “I Don’t Know What You’ve Got (But It’s Got Me)”, which became a number 12 R&B hit.[78][nb 1] Penniman and Hendrix clashed over tardiness, wardrobe and Hendrix’s stage antics and as a result, in July 1965, Penniman’s brother Robert fired him.[80] That same year, Penniman attempted to set up his own record label but only cut two unreleased tracks. Instead he signed with Modern Records, which resulted in a very agreeable string of rock and soul singles but yielded just one chart-maker, “Do You Feel It?”. He left that label in early 1966 for Okeh Records. Okeh paired Penniman musically with his friend from the mid-1950s, Larry Williams, who produced two albums for him in 1966 and 1967; the first being a studio album, The Explosive Little Richard, which generated the modest hit singles, “Poor Dog” and “Commandments of Love”, and the second, Little Richard’s Greatest Hits: Recorded Live!, which returned him to the pop album charts for the first time in ten years, as well hitting number 28 on the Hot R&B LPs chart.[81][82][83] Williams also acted as the music director for Penniman’s live performances at the Okeh Club in Los Angeles amid the Okeh period, during which time the demand for Penniman’s appearances increased greatly.[84] Leaving Okeh in late-1967, Penniman briefly recorded with Brunswick but left shortly after his final session.
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Penniman in 1967
Penniman struggled when he returned to secular music in the 1960s. He often complained to producers in the 1960s that he felt unappreciated as producers pushed him towards a horn-oriented Motown sound and felt he wasn’t treated with appropriate respect.[85] Penniman often performed in dingy clubs and lounges with little support from his label. Penniman adapted a wilder flamboyant and androgynous image that, while a hit with club audiences, was a problem for labels attempting to promote him to conservative R&B buyers.[86] Angered by his decision to “backslide” from his ministry, clergymen in the South forced radio disk jockeys to ignore Penniman’s work.[87] His insistence on performing in front of mixed audiences prevented him from receiving radio time in the areas of Los Angeles affected by the Watts Riots.[88] Despite recording and public relations struggles, according to hisSongwriters Hall of Fame biography, he had sold over 32 million records worldwide by 1968.[89] Focusing on live performances rather than recordings at the end of the 1960s, Penniman found success with performances in casinos and resorts in Las Vegas, New York City and Los Angeles. Penniman returned to the national spotlight in 1969 as a performer at the Atlantic City Pop Festival, where he stole the show from top performers such as Janis Joplin; he did the same to headliner John Lennon at the Toronto Pop Festival. These successes brought Penniman to talk shows such as the Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and the Dick Cavett Show, making him a major celebrity again.[90]
Following this, Penniman signed with Reprise Records in 1970, releasing the album, The Rill Thing, which included the charted singles “Freedom Blues” and “Greenwood, Mississippi”. Penniman’s follow-ups for Reprise failed to produce similar success and Penniman spent much of the decade performing as a guest instrumentalist on sessions with rockers such as Delaney and Bonnie, Joey Covington and Joe Walsh. The sessions for Canned Heat‘s “Rockin’ with the King” (1972) and Bachman-Turner Overdrive‘s “Take It Like a Man” (1976) resulted in chart successes. Penniman and three of his brothers formed a management company, Bud Hole Incorporated, around this time.[91] Leaving Reprise in 1973, he charted for independent labels including a Green Mountain Records single, “In the Middle of the Night”, which proceeds went to charity following a string of tornadoes that damaged 12 states.[92] Three years later, the Mainstream Records single “Call My Name” was distributed by Motown but barely charted in 1976. That same year, Penniman re-recorded 18 of his classic hits in Nashville for K-Tel Records, with a single featuring new versions of “Good Golly Miss Molly” and “Rip It Up” reaching the UK singles chart.[93] Following over ten years of drug and alcohol abuse and a string of recent personal tragedies, Penniman quit rock and roll music again in 1977 and returned to evangelism, releasing one gospel album, God’s Beautiful City, in 1979.[94]
Comeback
In 1984, Penniman filed a $112 million lawsuit against Specialty Records, Art Rupe and his publishing company Venice Music and ATV Music for not paying him royalties after he left the label in 1959.[95] The suit would be settled out of court in 1986.[96] According to some reports, Michael Jackson gave Penniman monetary compensation from his work when he co-owned the Beatles and Penniman’s songs with Sony-ATV.[97] In 1985, Charles White released Penniman’s authorized biography, Quasar of Rock: The Life and Times of Little Richard, which returned Penniman to the spotlight due to the book’s subject matter.[98] Penniman returned to show business in what Rolling Stone would refer to as a “formidable comeback” following the book’s release.[98]
Little Richard, interviewed during the 60th Annual Academy Awards, 1988
Reconciling his roles as evangelist and rock and roll musician for the first time, Penniman stated that the genre could be used for good or evil.[99] After accepting a role in the film Down and Out in Beverly Hills, Penniman and Billy Preston penned the faith-based rock and roll song, “Great Gosh A’Mighty” for its soundtrack.[99] Penniman won critical acclaim for his film role and the song found success on the American and British charts.[99] The hit led to the release of the album Lifetime Friend (1986) on Warner Bros. Records, with songs deemed “messages in rhythm” that included a gospel rap track.[100] In addition to a version of “Great Gosh A’Mighty”, cut in England, the album featured two UK charted singles, “Somebody’s Comin'” and “Operator”. Penniman spent much of the rest of the decade guesting on TV shows and appearing in films, winning new fans with what was referred to as his “unique comedic timing”.[101] In 1989, Penniman provided rhythmic preaching and background vocals on the extended live version of the U2/B.B. King hit “When Love Comes To Town“. That same year, Penniman returned to singing his classic hits following a performance of “Lucille” at a Cher-hosted AIDS benefit concert.[102]
In 1990, Penniman contributed a spoken-word rap on Living Colour‘s hit song, “Elvis Is Dead“, from their album Time’s Up.[103][104] The following year, he was one of the featured performers on the hit single and video “Voices That Care” that was produced to help boost the morale of U.S. troops involved in Operation Desert Storm. He also recorded a rock and roll version of “The Itsy Bitsy Spider” that year that led to a deal with Disney Records, resulting in the release of a hit 1992 children’s album, Shake It All About. Throughout the 1990s, Penniman performed around the world and appeared on TV, film, and tracks with other artists, including Jon Bon Jovi, Elton John and Solomon Burke. In 1992, yet another album of remakes was released, this time with Richard and Japanese guitar hero, Takanaka. Included in the band were swamp guitarist Travis Wammack and his drummer son Monkee, members of Richard’s then current touring band.
Later years
In 2000, Penniman’s life was dramatized for the biopic Little Richard, which focused on his early years including his heyday, religious conversion and return to secular music in the early 1960s. Penniman was played by actor Leon, who earned a NAACP Image Award nomination for his role as the musician. In 2002, Penniman contributed to the Johnny Cash tribute album, Kindred Spirits: A Tribute to the Songs of Johnny Cash. In 2006, Penniman was featured in a popular advertisement for the GEICO brand.[105] Then, a 2005 recording of his duet vocals with Jerry Lee Lewis appeared on a cover of the Beatles’ “I Saw Her Standing There” for Lewis’s 2006 album, Last Man Standing. The same year, Penniman signed on as a guest judge for the TV series Celebrity Duets. In 2008, Penniman and Lewis performed alongside John Fogerty at the Grammy Awards of that year in a tribute to the two artists considered to be cornerstones of rock and roll by NARAS. That same year, Penniman appeared on radio host Don Imus‘ benefit album for sick children, The Imus Ranch Record.[106] In June 2010, Penniman recorded a gospel track for an upcoming tribute album to songwriting legend Dottie Rambo.
Towards the end of the first decade of the new millennium, Rolling Stone reported that Penniman remained “one of the most recognized and quotable celebrities in the world.” Throughout the decade, he kept up a stringent touring schedule, performing primarily in the States and Europe. However, sciatic nerve pain in his left leg and then replacement of the involved hip began affecting the frequency of his performances by 2010. Despite his health issues, Penniman continued to receive critical acclaim for his performances, with Rolling Stone reporting after a performance at the Howard Theater in Washington, D.C. in June 2012 that Penniman was “still full of fire, still a master showman, his voice still loaded with deep gospel and raunchy power.”[107] Following the D.C. concert, Penniman performed a full 90 minute show at the Pensacola Interstate Fair in Pensacola in October 2012 and headlined at the Orleans Hotel in Las Vegas during Viva Las Vegas Rockabilly Weekend in March 2013.[108][109]
In 2014, actor Brandon Mychal Smith won critical acclaim for his portrayal of Little Richard in the James Brown bio-pic “Get On Up.”[110][111][112] Mick Jagger co-produced the motion picture.[113][114]
Personal life
Relationships and family
In 1956, Penniman began a romantic relationship with Audrey Robinson, a 16-year-old college student, originally from Savannah, Georgia.[115][116] According to Penniman, he would invite other men to have sex with her in groups and once invited Buddy Holly to have sex with her; Robinson denied those claims.[115][117] The relationship ended after Penniman’s religious conversion in 1957. Robinson later became a stripper using the name Lee Angel. According to Robinson, Penniman wanted to continue to see her but she felt uncomfortable seeing a preacher as a stripper.[118] Described in GQ’s UK edition as a “lifelong soulmate”[which?], Robinson and Penniman are occasionally in each other’s company.[102]
Penniman met his only wife, Ernestine Campbell, at an evangelical rally in October 1957. They began dating that year and wed in July 1959. According to Campbell, she and Penniman initially enjoyed a happy marriage with “normal” sexual relations. Campbell claimed when the marriage ended in divorce in 1963, it was due to Penniman’s celebrity status, noting that it had made life difficult for her. Penniman claimed the marriage fell apart due to him being a neglectful husband.[119] While married, in 1962, Penniman adopted a one-year-old boy, Danny Jones, from a late church associate.[115] Penniman and his son remain close, with Jones often acting as one of his bodyguards.[120]
Sexual orientation
Penniman’s sexual orientation has long been a topic of debate. Penniman claimed that as a child he felt feminine and played with girls, which was the source of jokes at his expense.[121] Caught wearing his mother’s makeup and wardrobe at times, he was brutally punished by his father.[122] Penniman began having sexual encounters with both sexes by his early teens.[123] Allegedly due to his effeminate mannerisms, Penniman’s father kicked him out of their family home at 15.[2]Penniman first became involved in voyeurism in his early twenties, when a female friend of his would drive around and pick up men who would allow him to watch them have sex in the backseat of cars. Penniman was once arrested after a gas station attendant in Macon reported sexual activity in a car featuring Penniman and a couple. Cited on a lewd conduct charge, Penniman spent three days in jail and was temporarily banned from performing in Macon.[124]
During the early 1950s, Penniman had appeared as a drag performer in various vaudeville groups. By the time he entered the chitlin’ circuit, he began using makeup regularly, influenced by Billy Wright, who recommended him his brand of makeup, Pancake 31.[23] Later, as he began experiencing success in the mid-1950s, Penniman made members of his band use makeup as a means to gain entry into white clubs during performances. Penniman later told a columnist, “I wore the make-up so that white men wouldn’t think I was after the white girls. It made things easier for me, plus it was colorful too.”[125] Penniman received female attention during his mid-1950s heyday stating that female fans would give him naked photos of themselves and their phone numbers.[126][127] In 2000, Penniman stated: “I had girlfriends and a stack of women who followed me and traveled with me. I figure if being called a sissy would make me famous, let them say what they want to.”[128]
While attending Oakwood College, Penniman recalled a male student showed himself to him. After the incident was reported to the student’s father, Penniman withdrew from the college.[129] In 1962, Penniman was again arrested after he was caught spying on men urinating at a men’s bathroom at a Trailways bus station in Long Beach, California.[130] Penniman returned to participating in sexual orgies after his return to secular music in the 1960s. He differed in depictions of his sexuality. In 1984, while he noted that he felt homosexuality was “unnatural” and “contagious”, he would tell Charles White that he was “omnisexual” after he was asked about his sex life.[131] In 1995, Penniman told Penthouse that he always knew he was gay.[115] In 2007, Mojo magazine described Penniman as a “bisexualalien”.[132]
Drug and alcohol use
Penniman allegedly was a heavy drinker and cigarette smoker during the mid-1960s. By 1972, he was using cocaine, developing an addiction to the drug. He later lamented during that period, “they should have called me Little Cocaine, I was sniffing so much of that stuff!”[133] He got addicted to heroin and PCP around that same period. Of his drug experiences, he said “I lost my reasoning”.[134] He said of his cocaine addiction that he did whatever he could to use cocaine.[135]Penniman admitted that his addiction to cocaine and heroin was costing him as much as $1,000 a day.[136] In 1977, longtime friend Larry Williams once showed up with a gun and threatened to kill Penniman for failing to pay his drug debt. Penniman later mentioned that this was the most fearful moment of his life because Williams’s own drug addiction made him wildly unpredictable. Penniman did, however, also acknowledge that he and Williams were “very close friends” and when reminiscing of the drug-fueled clash, he recalled thinking “I knew he loved me – I hoped he did”.[137] Within that same year, Penniman had several devastating personal experiences, including his brother Tony’s death of a heart attack, the accidental shooting of his nephew that he loved like a son, and the murder of two close personal friends – one a valet at “the heroin man’s house.”[136] The combination of these experiences convinced Penniman to give up drugs and alcohol, along with rock and roll, and return to the ministry.[138]
Religion
Penniman’s family had deep evangelical (Baptist and AME) Christian roots, including two uncles and a grandfather who were preachers.[11] Penniman also took part in Macon’s Pentecostal churches, which were his favorites mainly due to their music, charismatic praise, dancing in the Holy Spirit and speaking in tongues.[8] At age 10, influenced by Pentecostalism, Penniman would go around saying he was a faith healer, singing gospel music to people who were feeling sick and touching them. He later recalled that they would often indicate that they felt better after he prayed for them and would sometimes give him money.[8] Penniman had aspirations of being a preacher due to the influence of singing evangelist Brother Joe May.[11]
After he was born again in 1957, Penniman enrolled at Oakwood College in Huntsville, Alabama, a mostly black Seventh-day Adventist college, to study theology. Penniman returned to secular music in the early 1960s.[139] He was eventually ordained a minister in 1970, and again resumed evangelical activities in 1977. Penniman represented Memorial Bibles International and sold their Black Heritage Bible, which highlighted the Book’s many black characters. As a preacher, Penniman evangelized in small churches and packed auditoriums of 20,000 or more. His preaching focused on uniting the races and bringing lost souls to repentance through God’s love.[140] In 1984, Penniman’s mother, Leva Mae, died following a period of illness. Only a few months prior to her death, Penniman promised her that he would remain a Christian.[99]
During the 1980s and 1990s, Penniman officiated at celebrity weddings. In 2006, Penniman wedded twenty couples who won a contest in one ceremony.[141] The musician used his experience and knowledge as a minister and elder statesman of rock and roll to preach at funerals of musical friends such as Wilson Pickett andIke Turner.[142] At a benefit concert in 2009 to raise funds to help rebuild children’s playgrounds destroyed by Hurricane Katrina, Penniman asked guest of honorFats Domino to pray with him and others. His assistants handed out inspirational booklets at the concert—a common practice at Penniman’s shows.[143] He somberly told a Howard Theatre, Washington, D.C. audience in June 2012, “I know this is not Church, but get close to the Lord. The world is getting close to the end. Get close to the Lord.”[107] In 2013, Penniman elaborated on his spiritual philosophies, stating “God talked to me the other night. He said He’s getting ready to come. The world’s getting ready to end and He’s coming, wrapped in flames of fire with a rainbow around his throne.” Rolling Stone reported his apocalyptic prophesies generated sniggers from some audience members as well as cheers of support. Penniman responded by stating: “When I talk to you about [Jesus], I’m not playing. I’m almost 81 years old. Without God, I wouldn’t be here.”[144]
Health problems
In October 1985, Penniman returned to the United States from England, where he had finished recording his album Lifetime Friend, to film a guest spot on the show, Miami Vice. Following the taping, he accidentally crashed his sports car into a telephone pole in West Hollywood, California. He suffered a broken right leg, broken ribs and head and facial injuries.[145] His recovery from the accident took several months.[145] His accident prevented him from being able to attend the inaugural Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ceremony in January 1986 where he was one of several inductees. He instead supplied a recorded message.[81]
In 2007, Penniman was having problems walking due to sciatica in his left leg, requiring him to use crutches.[146][147] In November 2009, he entered a hospital to have replacement surgery on his left hip. Despite returning to perform the following year, Penniman’s problems with his hip continued and he is nowadays helped onstage by a wheelchair. He has told fans that his surgery has his hip “breaking inside” and refuses to have further work on it. On September 30, 2013, he revealed to Cee Lo Green at a Recording Academy fundraiser that he had suffered a heart attack at his home the week prior and stated he used aspirin and had his son turn the air conditioner on, which his doctor confirmed had saved his life. Penniman stated, “Jesus had something for me. He brought me through.”[144]
Legacy
Music
“He claims to be ‘the architect of rock and roll’, and history would seem to bear out Little Richard’s boast. More than any other performer – save, perhaps, Elvis Presley, Little Richard blew the lid off the Fifties, laying the foundation for rock and roll with his explosive music and charismatic persona. On record, he made spine-tingling rock and roll. His frantically charged piano playing and raspy, shouted vocals on such classics as ‘Tutti Frutti‘, ‘Long Tall Sally‘ and ‘Good Golly, Miss Molly‘ defined the dynamic sound of rock and roll.”
Penniman’s music and performance style had a pivotal impact on the shape of the sound and style of popular music genres of the 20th century.[22][40][148] As a rock and roll pioneer, Penniman embodied its spirit more flamboyantly than any other performer.[149] Penniman’s raspy shouting style gave the genre one of its most identifiable and influential vocal sounds and his fusion of boogie-woogie, New Orleans R&B and gospel music blazed its rhythmic trail.[149][150]
Penniman was blessed with a phenomenal voice able to generate croons, wails, and screams unprecedented in popular music.[22] He was cited by two of soul music’s pioneers, Otis Redding and Sam Cooke, as contributing to that genre’s early development. Redding stated that most of his music was patterned after Penniman’s and that he had “done a lot for [him] and [his] soul brothers in the music business.”[151] Cooke said in 1962 that Penniman had done “so much for our music”.[152] Cooke had a top 40 hit with his cover of “Send Me Some Loving” in 1963.
James Brown said that Penniman and the Upsetters, including drummer Charles “Chuck” Connor, were “the first to put the funk in rhythm”, with a biographer stating that their music “spark[ed] the musical transition from fifties rock and roll to sixties funk”.[81][153]
Penniman’s hits of the mid-1950s, such as “Tutti Frutti”, “Long Tall Sally”, “Keep A-Knockin'” and “Good Golly Miss Molly”, were generally characterized by playful lyrics with sexually suggestive connotations.[22] Allmusic writer Richie Unterberger stated that Penniman “merged the fire of gospel with New Orleans R&B, pounding the piano and wailing with gleeful abandon”, and that while “other R&B greats of the early ’50s had been moving in a similar direction, none of them matched the sheer electricity of Richard’s vocals. With his high speed deliveries, ecstatic trills, and the overjoyed force of personality in his singing, he was crucial in upping the voltage from high-powered R&B into the similar, yet different, guise of rock and roll.”[40] Due to his innovative music and style, he’s often widely acknowledged as the “architect of rock and roll”.[81]
Ray Charles introduced him at a concert in 1988 as “a man that started a kind of music that set the pace for a lot of what’s happening today.”[154] Rock and roll pioneer Bo Diddley called Penniman “one of a kind” and “a show business genius” that “influenced so many in the music business”.[152] Penniman’s contemporaries, including Elvis Presley, Bill Haley, Jerry Lee Lewis, The Everly Brothers, Gene Vincent and Eddie Cochran, all recorded covers of Penniman’s works.[155] Taken by Penniman’s music and style, and personally covering four of Penniman’s tunes on his own two breakthrough albums in 1956, Presley told Penniman in 1969 that his music was an inspiration to him and that he was “the greatest”.[156] Pat Boone noted in 1984, “no one person has been more imitated than Little Richard”.[157] As they wrote about Penniman for their Man of the Year – Legend category in 2010, GQ magazine stated that Penniman “is, without question, the boldest and most influential of the founding fathers of rock’n’roll”.[131] R&B pioneer Johnny Otis stated that “Little Richard is twice as valid artistically and important historically as Elvis Presley, the Beatles, and the Rolling Stones put together.”[152]
Society
In addition to his musical style, Penniman was cited as one of the first crossover black artists, reaching audiences of all races. His concerts broke the color line, drawing blacks and whites together despite attempts to sustain segregation. As H.B. Barnum explained in Quasar of Rock, Penniman “opened the door. He brought the races together.” [46] Barnum described Penniman’s music as not being “boy-meets-girl-girl-meets-boy things, they were fun records, all fun. And they had a lot to say sociologically in our country and the world.”[49] Barnum also stated that Penniman’s “charisma was a whole new thing to the music business”, explaining that “he would burst onto the stage from anywhere, and you wouldn’t be able to hear anything but the roar of the audience. He might come out and walk on the piano. He might go out into the audience.” Barnum also stated that Penniman was innovative in that he would wear colorful capes, blouse shirts, makeup and suits studded with multi-colored precious stones and sequins, and that he also brought flickering stage lighting from his show business experience into performance venues where rock and roll artists performed.[158]
Influence
Penniman influenced generations of performers across musical genres.[52] James Brown and Otis Redding both idolized Penniman.[157][159] Brown allegedly came up with the Famous Flames debut hit, “Please, Please, Please“, after Penniman had written the words on a napkin.[160][161] Redding started his professional career with Penniman’s band, The Upsetters.[162] He first entered a talent show performing Penniman’s “Heeby Jeebies”, winning for 15 consecutive weeks.[163] Ike Turnerclaimed most of Tina Turner‘s early vocal delivery was based on Penniman, something Penniman himself reiterated in the foreword of Turner’s biography, King of Rhythm.[164] Bob Dylan first performed covers of Penniman’s songs on piano in high school with his rock and roll group, the Golden Chords; in 1959 when leaving school, he wrote in his yearbook under “Ambition”: “to join Little Richard”.[165] Jimi Hendrix was influenced in appearance (clothing and hairstyle/mustache) and sound by Penniman. He was quoted in 1966 saying, “I want to do with my guitar what Little Richard does with his voice.”[166] Others influenced by Penniman early on in their lives included Bob Seger and John Fogerty.[167][168] Michael Jackson admitted that Penniman had been a huge influence on him prior to Off the Wall.[169]Rock critics noted similarities between Prince‘s androgynous look, music and vocal style to Penniman’s.[170][171] Upon hearing “Long Tall Sally”, John Lennoncommented that he was so impressed that he “couldn’t speak”.[172] Rolling Stones members Mick Jagger and Keith Richards were also profoundly influenced by Penniman, with Jagger citing him as his first induction to R&B music and referring to him as “the originator and my first idol”.[69] Upon hearing “Tutti Frutti”, Richards explained, “it was if, in a single instant, the world changed from monochrome to Technicolor“.[173] Penniman was an early vocal influence on Rod Stewart.[174] David Bowie called Penniman his “inspiration” stating upon listening to “Tutti Frutti” that he “heard God”.[175][176] After opening for him with his band Bluesology, pianistReginald Dwight was inspired to be a “rock and roll piano player”, later changing his name to Elton John.[177] Farookh Bulsara performed covers of Penniman’s songs as a teen, before finding fame as Freddie Mercury, frontman for Queen.[178] Penniman was referred to as Lou Reed‘s rock n roll hero, deriving inspiration from “the soulful, primal force” of the sound made by Penniman and his saxophonist on “Long Tall Sally.” Reed later stated, “I don’t know why and I don’t care, but I wanted to go to wherever that sound was and make a life.”[179] Patti Smith said, “To me, Little Richard was a person that was able to focus a certain physical, anarchistic, and spiritual energy into a form which we call rock ‘n’ roll … I understood it as something that had to do with my future. When I was a little girl, Santa Claus didn’t turn me on. Easter Bunny didn’t turn me on. God turned me on. Little Richard turned me on.”[180] The music of Deep Purple and Motörhead was also influenced by Penniman, as well as that of AC/DC.[181][182] The latter’s Bon Scott idolized Penniman and aspired to sing like him, and Angus Young was first inspired to play guitar after listening to Penniman’s music.[183][184][185][181][182] Later performers such as Mystikal, André “André 3000” Benjamin of Outkast and Bruno Marswere cited by critics as having emulated Penniman’s style in their own works. Mystikal’s rap vocal delivery was compared to Penniman’s.[186] André 3000’s vocals in Outkast’s hit, “Hey Ya!“, were compared to an “indie rock Little Richard”.[187] Bruno Mars admitted Penniman influenced him. Mars’ song, “Runaway Baby” from his album, Doo-Wops & Hooligans was cited by the New York Times as “channeling Little Richard”.[188]
Awards and honors
Penniman received the Cashbox Triple Crown Award for “Long Tall Sally” in 1956.[189] In 1984, he was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame. He wasinducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986.[81] Penniman’s influence on rock and roll was later recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame.[190] In 1990, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Rhythm and Blues Foundation in 1994.[191] In 1993, he received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.[192] In 1997, he was given the American Music Award of Merit.[193] In 2002, along with Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley, Penniman was honored as one of the first group of BMI icons at the 50th Annual BMI Pop Awards.[194] That same year, he was inducted into the NAACPImage Award Hall of Fame.[195] A year later, he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.[89] In 2006, he was inducted into the Apollo Theater Hall of Fame.[196] Four years afterwards, he received a plaque on the theater’s Walk of Fame.[197] In 2008, he received a star at Nashville’s Music City Walk of Fame.[198]In 2009, he was inducted to the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame.[199] The UK issue of GQ named him its Man of the Year in its Legend category in 2010.[200]
Included in numerous Rolling Stone lists, Penniman’s Here’s Little Richard was ranked fifty on the magazine’s list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.[201] He was ranked eighth on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[202] Rolling Stone listed three of Penniman’s recordings, “The Girl Can’t Help It”, “Long Tall Sally” and “Tutti Frutti”, on their 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[203] Two of the latter songs and “Good Golly, Miss Molly” were listed on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame’s500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.[204] The Grammy Hall of Fame inducted several of Penniman’s recordings including “Tutti Frutti”, “Lucille”, “Long Tall Sally” and Here’s Little Richard.[205] “Tutti Frutti” topped music magazine Mojo‘s list of “The 100 Records That Changed the World”.[206] The same recording was inducted to the Library of Congress‘ National Recording Registry with the library claiming the “unique vocalizing over the irresistible beat announced a new era in music”.[207]Penniman appeared in person to receive an honorary degree from his hometown’s Mercer University on May 11, 2013.[208] The day before the doctorate of humanities degree was to be bestowed upon him, the mayor of Macon announced that one of Penniman’s childhood homes, an historic site, will be moved to a rejuvenated section of that city’s Pleasant Hill district. It will be restored and named the Richard Penniman – Pleasant Hill Resource House, a meeting place where local history and artifacts will be displayed as provided by residents.[209][210][211]
Discography
Filmography
- The Girl Can’t Help It (1956), lip-syncing the title number (different version from record), “Ready Teddy” and “She’s Got It”
- Don’t Knock the Rock (1956), lip-syncing “Long Tall Sally” and “Tutti Frutti”
- Mister Rock and Roll (1957), lip-syncing “Lucille” and “Keep A-Knockin'”, on original prints
- Catalina Caper (aka Never Steal Anything Wet, 1967), Richard lip-syncs an original tune, “Scuba Party”, still unreleased on record by 2013.
- Little Richard: Live at the Toronto Peace Festival (1969) – released on DVD in 2009 by Shout! Factory
- The London Rock & Roll Show (1972), performing “Lucille”, “Rip It Up”, “Good Golly Miss Molly”, “Tutti Frutti”, “I Believe” [a capella, a few lines], and “Jenny Jenny”
- Jimi Hendrix (1973)
- Down and Out in Beverly Hills (1986), co-starred as Orvis Goodnight and performed the production number, “Great Gosh A-Mighty”
- Hail! Hail! Rock ‘n’ Roll TV Documentary (1987)
- Goddess of Love Made For TV Movie (1988)
- Purple People Eater (1988)
- Scenes from the Class Struggle in Beverly Hills (1989) (uncredited)
- Bill & Ted’s Excellent Adventures (1990) (voice)
- Mother Goose Rock ‘n’ Rhyme (1990)
- The Naked Truth (1992)
- Sunset Heat (1992)
- James Brown: The Man, The Message, The Music TV Documentary (1992)
- Martin TV Series (1992)
- The Pickle (1993)
- Last Action Hero (1993)
- Full House TV Series (1994)
- Why Do Fools Fall In Love (1998)
- Mystery Alaska (1999)
- Little Richard (2000)
- The Trumpet of the Swan (2001) (voice)
- The Simpsons (2003)
Notes
Citations
- ^ Jump up to:a b Kirby 2009, p. 30.
- ^ Jump up to:a b White 2003, p. 21.
- ^ Jump up to:a b White 2003, pp. 3.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 4–5.
- Jump up^ Otfinoski 2010, p. 144.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 7.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 6.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c White 2003, pp. 16–17.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 7–9.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 8.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c White 2003, p. 16.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 15–17.
- Jump up^ Ryan 2004, p. 77.
- ^ Jump up to:a b White 2003, p. 18.
- ^ Jump up to:a b White 2003, p. 17.
- Jump up^ Lauterbach 2011, p. 152.
- ^ Jump up to:a b White 2003, pp. 21–22.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 22: “It was the only song I knew that wasn’t a church song”.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 22–23.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 24–25.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 25–27.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Langdon C. Winner. “Little Richard (American musician)”. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
- ^ Jump up to:a b White 2003, p. 25.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c White 2003, p. 28.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 29.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 29–30.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 34.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 35-36.
- Jump up^ Berry 2009, pp. 106–107.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 36-38.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 263–264.
- ^ Jump up to:a b White 2003, pp. 38–39.
- Jump up^ Allmusic 2013a.
- Jump up^ Jonny Whiteside, “Charles Connor: The Rock and Roll Original”, LA Weekly, May 14, 2014.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 40–41.
- Jump up^ Nite 1984, p. 390.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 44–47.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 39.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 55–56.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Allmusic 2013b.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 264.
- Jump up^ Du Noyer 2003, p. 14.
- Jump up^ “Show 6 – Hail, Hail, Rock ‘n’ Roll: The rock revolution gets underway. [Part 2]: UNT Digital Library”. Digital.library.unt.edu. March 16, 1969. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 58.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 74–75.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c White 2003, p. 69.
- Jump up^ Pegg 2002, p. 50: “Although they still had the audiences together in the building, they were theretogether. And most times, before the end of the night, they would be all mixed together”.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 82–83.
- ^ Jump up to:a b White 2003, p. 70.
- Jump up^ Bayles 1996, p. 133: “He’d be on the stage, he’d be off the stage, he’d be jumping and yelling, screaming, whipping the audience on …”.
- ^ Jump up to:a b White 2003, p. 66.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Myers, Marc (October 10, 2010). “Little Richard, The First”. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 241.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 264–265.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 82.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 70–74.
- ^ Jump up to:a b White 2003, pp. 89–92.
- ^ Jump up to:a b White 2003, p. 91.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 92.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 95.
- Jump up^ Miller 1996, p. 248.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 88–89.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 95–97.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 94–95.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 97.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 267.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 103: “He sang gospel the way it should be sung. He had that primitive beat and sound that came so naturally … the soul in his singing was not faked. It was real”.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 102: “Richard had such a unique voice and style that no one has ever matched it – even to this day”.
- ^ Jump up to:a b White 2003, p. 119.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 106.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 112.
- Jump up^ Winn 2008, p. 12.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Harry 2000, p. 600.
- Jump up^ Hinckley 1995, pp. 16–18.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 121.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 248.
- Jump up^ McDermott 2009, p. 13.
- Jump up^ McDermott 2009, p. 12: Hendrix recording with Penniman; Shadwick 2003, pp. 56–57: “I Don’t Know What You Got (But It’s Got Me)” recorded in New York City.
- Jump up^ Shadwick 2003, p. 57.
- Jump up^ Shadwick 2003, pp. 56–60.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f “Little Richard”. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 1986. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 253–255.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 268–269.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 129.
- Jump up^ “Religion and Rock and Roll”, Joel Martin Show, WBAB 102.3 FM, NY. Guests: Harry Hepcat and Little Richard, August 16, 1981.
- Jump up^ Gulla 2008, p. 41.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 132.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 133.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Songwriters Hall of Fame – Little Richard Biography”. Songwriters Hall of Fame. RetrievedDecember 15, 2012.
- Jump up^ Gulla 2008, pp. 41–42.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 168.
- Jump up^ Jet 1973, p. 62.
- Jump up^ Betts, Graham (2004). Complete UK Hit Singles 1952–2004 (1st ed.). London: Collins. p. 457.ISBN 0-00-717931-6.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 201.
- Jump up^ Ocala Star-Banner 1984, p. 2.
- Jump up^ Billboard 1986, p. 84.
- Jump up^ “Michael Jackson’s mom played role in business – Entertainment – Celebrities”. August 5, 2009. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Rolling Stone 2013.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d White 2003, p. 221.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 273.
- Jump up^ Little Richard at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Jump up to:a b Chalmers 2010e.
- Jump up^ Mahon 2004, p. 151.
- Jump up^ Rodman 1996, p. 46.
- Jump up^ “The Unlikely Titan Of Advertising”. CBS News. February 14, 2007.
- Jump up^ “Singers Aid a Charity and The Man Who Runs It”. September 10, 2008.
- ^ Jump up to:a b By Patrick Doyle (June 17, 2012). “Little Richard Tears Through Raucous Set in Washington, D.C. | Music News”. Rolling Stone. RetrievedMarch 2, 2013.
- Jump up^ “Little Richard in concert”. GoPensacola.com. October 28, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
- Jump up^ “Photos: Little Richard headlines at Viva Las Vegas Rockabilly Weekend at The Orleans”. Las Vegas Sun. April 1, 2013. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
- Jump up^ David Blaustein, “Will ‘Get On Up’ Make You Stand Up and Cheer?”, ABC News, August 1, 2014.
- Jump up^ Mark McCarver, “James Brown’s biopic ‘Get On Up’ takes huge risks with mixed results”, Baltimore Post-Examiner, August 1, 2014.
- Jump up^ “These Are The Best Parts Of ‘Get On Up'”, The Huffington Post, August 1, 2014.
- Jump up^ “Get on Up (2014)”, IMDb, August 1, 2014.
- Jump up^ Annette Witheridge, “My mate the sex machine: Mick Jagger on his movie about his ‘inspiration’ James Brown”, Mirror, August 2, 2014.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d Chalmers 2010c.
- Jump up^ Chalmers 2010d.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 84–85.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 99.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 105.
- Jump up^ Christopher Merchant, “Little Richard’s Cadillac struck in Murfreesboro crash”, The Tennesseean, August 28, 2014.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 9.
- Jump up^ Jet 2000, p. 64.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 10.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 41.
- Jump up^ Jet 1984, p. 60.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 70-71.
- Jump up^ Gulla 2008, p. 36.
- Jump up^ Jet 2000, p. 65.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 100–101.
- Jump up^ Moser 2007, p. 137.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Chalmers 2010b.
- Jump up^ Kirby 2009, p. 8.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 187-189.
- Jump up^ Jet 1984, p. 60: “I used to have standards in my life and I lost all of that”.
- Jump up^ Jet 1984, p. 60: “I was one of the biggest cocaine addicts, smoking it, snorting it and whatever cocaine could do, I did”.
- ^ Jump up to:a b White 2003, p. 188.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 186.
- Jump up^ Sarasota Herald-Tribune 1979, p. 13.
- Jump up^ Gilliland 1969, show 14, track 4.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 203–214.
- Jump up^ “Little Richard Weds 20 Couples”.Contactmusic.com. December 19, 2006. RetrievedFebruary 1, 2013.
- Jump up^ Havers 2010, p. 127.
- Jump up^ “Fats Domino Makes Rare Concert Appearance”. abclocal.go.com. 2009. RetrievedAugust 12, 2013.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Little Richard Tells Cee Lo About Recent Heart Attack”. Rolling Stone. September 30, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
- ^ Jump up to:a b White 2003, p. 219.
- Jump up^ Kirby 2009, p. 192.
- Jump up^ “Weekend of Legends | 06.06-06.08 | NYC on JamBase”. Jambase.com. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
- Jump up^ Gulla 2008, p. 27-28.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Campbell 2011, p. 180.
- Jump up^ Campbell 2008, p. 168-169.
- Jump up^ Brown 2002, p. 10.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c White 2003, p. 228.
- Jump up^ Palmer 2011, p. 139.
- Jump up^ Rome 1988.
- Jump up^ Gulla 2008, p. 27.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 227: Elvis Presley – “Your music has inspired me. You are the greatest”.
- ^ Jump up to:a b White 2003, p. 231.
- Jump up^ White 2003, pp. 68–70.
- Jump up^ 100 Greatest Singers: 12 – Little Richard,Rolling Stone.
- Jump up^ Merlis 2002, p. foreword.
- Jump up^http://www.macon.com/2014/07/26/3218915/midstate-residents-who-knew-godfather.html
- Jump up^ Gulla 2008, p. 398.
- Jump up^ Guralnick 1999, pp. 164–166.
- Jump up^ Collis 2003, p. foreword.
- Jump up^ Shelton 2003, p. 39.
- Jump up^ Murray 1989, p. 39.
- Jump up^ “Bob Seger: Influences”. RetrievedDecember 20, 2012.
- Jump up^ “John Fogerty: The Extended Interview”. Americansongwriter.com. May 28, 2013. RetrievedAugust 12, 2013.
- Jump up^ Herron, Martin (June 26, 2009). “‘Michael Jackson saved my life'”. Scarborough Evening News. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
- Jump up^ Gina Vivinetto (April 29, 2004). “Floridian: Prince and the evolution”. St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
- Jump up^ “Beatles accept award Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductions 1988”. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 227.
- Jump up^ Kirby 2009, p. 13.
- Jump up^ Ewbank 2005, p. 7: “He also had an impact on the young Rod Stewart: ‘I remember trying to sound like Little Richard'”.
- Jump up^ White 2003, p. 228: “After hearing Little Richard on record, I bought a saxophone and came into the music business. Little Richard was my inspiration”.
- Jump up^ Doggett 2007.
- Jump up^ Blackwell 2004, p. 65: “when I saw Little Richard standing on top of the piano, all the stage lights, sequins and energy, I decided then and there that I wanted to be a rock and roll piano player”.
- Jump up^ Hodkinson 2004, p. 61.
- Jump up^ Male, Andrew (November 26, 2013). “Little Richard: Lou Reed’s Rock’n’roll Hero”. Mojo. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
- Jump up^ “The New Inquiry”. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
- ^ Jump up to:a b White 2003, p. 230: Jon Lord – “There would have been no Deep Purple if there had been no Little Richard”.
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Motorhead’s Lemmy Says Little Richard Should Be Golden God”. YouTube. RetrievedMarch 26, 2012.
- Jump up^ “AC/DC Guitarist Angus Young Remembers Bon Scott – “When I Think Back In Hindsight, He Was A Guy That I Always Knew Was Full Of Life””. Bravewords.com. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
- Jump up^ “Angus Young”. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
- Jump up^ Jake 2013, p. 37.
- Jump up^ Sanneh, Kelefa (December 3, 2000). “MUSIC; Rappers Who Definitely Know How to Rock”. The New York Times.
- Jump up^ Caramanica, Jon (September 24, 2003).“Speakerboxxx/The Love Below”. Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
- Jump up^ “Critic’s Notebook: Bruno Mars in Ascension”.New York Times. October 6, 2010. RetrievedJanuary 4, 2013.
- Jump up^ “Little Richard: Awards”. March 4, 2013.
- Jump up^ “RAB Hall of Fame: Little Richard”. RetrievedDecember 31, 2012.
- Jump up^ Orlando Sentinel 1994.
- Jump up^ “Lifetime Awards”. GRAMMY.com. August 5, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
- Jump up^ “Music Awards Show To Fete Little Richard – Chicago Tribune”. Chicago Tribune. January 3, 1997.
- Jump up^ “BMI ICON Awards Honor Three of Rock & Roll’s Founding Fathers”. bmi.com. June 30, 2002. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
- Jump up^ “Hall of Fame Inductee: Little Richard”.Variety.com. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
- Jump up^ “Apollo’s new legends inducted”.Caribbeanlifenews.com. Caribbean Life. June 13, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
- Jump up^ “Quincy Jones, Patty LaBelle, Gladys Knight and More Honored as New York’s Apollo Theater Unveils Walk of Fame”. May 11, 2010. RetrievedJanuary 4, 2013.
- Jump up^ “Inductee Information to the Music City Walk of Fame”. Visitmusiccity.com. RetrievedSeptember 18, 2010.
- Jump up^ “LITTLE RICHARD 2009”. Louisiana Music Hall of Fame. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- Jump up^ Chalmers 2010a.
- Jump up^ Rolling Stone 2003.
- Jump up^ Rolling Stone 2004a.
- Jump up^ Rolling Stone 2004b.
- Jump up^ “Experience The Music: One Hit Wonders and The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll”. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2007. RetrievedDecember 17, 2012.
- Jump up^ “GRAMMY Hall of Fame”. Grammy.org. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
- Jump up^ “Rocklist.net…Mojo Lists”. Retrieved March 4,2012.
- Jump up^ National Recording Registry 2010.
- Jump up^ “Little Richard Bestowed Honorary Degree at Mercer University”. WMAZ.com. May 11, 2013. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
- Jump up^ “Little Richard’s boyhood home to be moved”.Associated Press. May 11, 2013. Retrieved May 13,2013.
- Jump up^ “State to buy Little Richard’s house”. The Telegraph. May 10, 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
- Jump up^ “Good golly: DOT will relocate Little Richard’s boyhood home”. 11alive.com. May 13, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
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- Blackwell, Roger (2004). Brands That Rock: What Business Leaders Can Learn from the World of Rock and Roll (Google eBook). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-45517-2.
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- Campbell, Michael (2008). Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes On (First Edition). Cengage Learning. ISBN 0-495-50530-7.
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- Chalmers, Robert (November 1, 2010). “GQ Legend: Little Richard”. RetrievedMarch 6, 2013.
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- Collier, Aldore (November 26, 1984). “Little Richard Tells Us How He Got What He Wanted But Lost What He Had”. Jet.
- Collis, John (2003). Ike Turner: King of Rhythm. Do-Not. ISBN 978-1-904316-24-4.
- Doggett, Peter (January 2007). “Teenage Wildlife”. Mojo Classic.
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- Ewbank, Tim (April 13, 2010). Cliff: An Intimate Portrait. London: Random House.ISBN 0-7535-3610-2.
- Ewbank, Tim (2005). Rod Stewart: The New Biography. Citadel Press. ISBN 0-8065-2644-0.
- Gilliland, John (1969). “Big Rock Candy Mountain: Rock ‘n’ roll in the late fifties”(audio). Pop Chronicles. Digital.library.unt.edu.
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- Gulla, Bob (2008). Icons of R&B and Soul: An Encyclopedia of the Artists Who Revolutionized Rhythm. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-34044-4.
- Havers, Richard (April 1, 2010). The Golden Age of Rock ‘n’ Roll. Book Sales Inc.ISBN 0-7858-2625-4.
- Harry, Bill (2000). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated. London: Virgin.ISBN 978-0-7535-0481-9.
- Harry, Bill (2002). The Paul McCartney Encyclopedia. Virgin. ISBN 978-0-7535-0716-2.
- Henderson, David (July 1, 2008). ‘Scuse Me While I Kiss the Sky: Jimi Hendrix: Voodoo Child. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 1-4165-3434-2.
- Hodkinson, Mark (2004). Queen: The Early Years. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 1-84449-012-2.
- Hinckley, David (1995). The Rolling Stones: Black & White Blues. Turner Publishing Inc. ISBN 1-57036-150-9.
- “Inside Track”. Billboard.
- Jake, Brown (July 1, 2013). Ac/Dc in the Studio. John Blake Publishing Ltd.ISBN 978-1-78219-677-8.
- Kirby, David (2009). Little Richard: The Birth of Rock ‘n’ Roll. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-2965-0.
- Lauterbach, Preston (July 18, 2011). The Chitlin’ Circuit: And the Road to Rock ‘n’ Roll. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-08225-3.
- MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles’ Records and the Sixties (3rd (2007) ed.). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-55652-733-3.
- Mahon, Maurice (2004). Right to Rock: The Black Rock Coalition and the Cultural Politics of Race. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3317-1.
- McDermott, John (2009). Ultimate Hendrix: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Live Concerts and Sessions. BackBeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-938-1.
- Merlis, Bob (2002). Heart and Soul – A Celebration of Black Music Style in America: 1930–1975. Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-8314-4.
- Miller, Zell (1996). They Heard Georgia Singing – Little Richard (Richard Penniman). Mercer University Press. ISBN 0-86554-504-9.
- Moser, Margaret (April 1, 2007). Rock Stars Do The Dumbest Things. Macmillan.ISBN 1-4299-7838-4.
- Murray, Charles (1989). Crosstown Traffic: Jimi Hendrix and the Rock ‘n’ Roll Revolution (First US ed.). St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 978-0-312-06324-5.
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- “New York Beat”. Jul 5, 1973.
- Nite, Norm N. (1984). Rock on:The solid gold years – Volume 1 of Rock on: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rock N’ Roll, Rock on: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rock N’ Roll. Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-181642-0.
- “Little Richard Files Suit To Claim Lost Royalties”. Ocala Star-Banner. August 17, 1984. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
- “R&B Foundation Honors Little Richard, Others”. Orlando Sentinel. March 4, 1994. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
- Otfinoski, Steven (2010). African Americans in the Performing Arts. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-7838-7.
- Palmer, Robert (2011). Blues & Chaos: The Music Writing of Robert Palmer. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-9974-6.
- Pegg, Bruce (October 1, 2002). Brown Eyed Handsome Man: The Life and Hard Times of Chuck Berry: An Unauthorized Biography. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-93748-1.
- Rodman, Gilbert (1996). Elvis after Elvis: the posthumous career of a living legend.ISBN 978-0-415-11002-0.
- “500 Greatest Albums of All Time: Here’s Little Richard”. Rolling Stone. RetrievedDecember 17, 2012.
- “The Greatest Artists of All Time: Little Richard”. Retrieved December 15, 2012.
- “500 Greatest Songs of All Time – Rolling Stone”. December 17, 2012.
- “Little Richard Biography”. Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
- Ryan, Marc (February 1, 2004). Trumpet Records: Diamonds on Farish Street. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 1-61703-525-4.
- “Little Richard Forsakes Rock ‘n’ Roll For Religion”. Sarasota Herald-Tribune. August 17, 1979. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
- Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix: Musician. BackBeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-764-6.
- Shelton, Robert (2003). No Direction Home: The Life and Music of Bob Dylan. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81287-8.
- “Little Richard – Great Gosh A’mighty”. YouTube. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
- Waldron, Clarence (February 2000). “Life Story of Rock ‘n’ Roll Legend Little Richard Told in NBC Movie”. Jet.
- Weidman, Rich (October 1, 2011). The Doors FAQ: All That’s Left to Know about the Kings of Acid Rock. Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-1-61713-110-3.
- White, Charles (2003). The Life and Times Of Little Richard: The Authorized Press. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-306-80552-9.
- Winn, John (December 9, 2008). Way Beyond Compare: The Beatles’ Recorded Legacy, Volume One, 1957–1965. Random House Digital, Inc. ISBN 978-0-307-45157-6.
External links
| Find more about Little Richard at Wikipedia’s sister projects |
|
 |
Media from Commons |
 |
Quotations from Wikiquote |
 |
Database entry Q82222 on Wikidata |
- Little Richard at AllMusic
- Little Richard at the Internet Movie Database
- Little Richard at The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
- Little Richard interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969)
- Little Richard Booking Agency
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On Saturday, July 6, 2013, A Boeing 777 operated by the Korean airline Asiana crashed while landing Saturday at San Francisco International Airport, the Federal Aviation Administration said.
The plane was Asiana Flight 214 from Seoul, South Korea, a spokesman for the F.A.A.
Images and video of the crash showed the plane on fire, with smoke billowing from crumpled fuselage, lying on its belly on scrub grass at the airport.
Images and video of the crash showed the plane on fire, with smoke billowing from the crumpled fuselage, lying on its belly on scrub grass at the airport. It had lost its tail (The plane’s tail was snapped off some distance from where the plane finally came to rest in the grass off the runway).
The debris field from the crash began at the seawall at the start of the Runway 28, according to aerial video images. Both wings remained attached but one engine was ripped off. The tail was snapped off some distance from where the plane finally came to rest in the grass off the runway.
The plane was Flight 214 from Seoul, South Korea, a spokesman for the F.A.A., Lynn Lunsford, said.
Firefighters were on the scene, but there were no immediate reports of the extent of casualties, although there were reports that the rescue slides had been deployed and a number of passengers had escaped. It was not clear how many people had been on board.
David Eun, who said in a Twitter message that he had been a passenger on the plane, posted a picture of a downed Asiana jetliner from ground level, which showed some passengers walking away from the aircraft.
An aviation official, who did not want to be identified discussing a fluid situation, said that the plane was not making an emergency landing, and that the situation had been entirely normal until the crash. The cause was also unclear.
Stefanie Turner, who posted on Twitter that she had witnessed the crash, said that the “plane came in at a bad angle, flipped, exploded.”
Juan Gonzalez, the supervising manager at Amoura Café in the airport, said that he did not hear any explosions but was told by airport workers that the tail had snapped off when it landed.
“Right now, there is just a lot of smoke and all the fire trucks are trying to get to the plane,” Mr. Gonzalez said
There was no immediate answer at a number listed for Asiana at San Francisco’s airport.
The Asiana plane took off at 5:04 p.m. Korean time, about 34 minutes after its scheduled pushback from the gate, according to FlightAware, a tracking service. It reached the runway in San Francisco at 11:28 a.m., Pacific time. FlightAware said the route was slightly longer than planned, 7,257 miles over 10 hours and 23 minutes.
The National Transportation Safety Board said in Washington that it would dispatch a team of investigators immediately, including the board’s chairwoman, Deborah A.M. Hersman.
The Asiana 777 is the second such plane to be destroyed on the runway. In January 2008, a 777 operated by British Airways crashed short of the runway at Heathrow in London on a flight from Beijing; investigators said ice had accumulated in the fuel lines and recommended a change to assure the problem could not happen again. There was only one serious injury among the 152 passengers and crew on board the British Airways flight, but the plane was destroyed.
Boeing 777 crashes while landing at San Francisco airport Airport (SFO/SF) – July 6 2013
An Asiana Airlines flight crashed while landing at San Francisco International Airport, Fox News confirms.
It was not immediately known whether there were any injuries.
Federal Aviation Administration spokeswoman Laura Brown says Flight 214 was coming from Seoul, South Korea and was supposed to land on runway 28 left at San Francisco International Airport at 11:26 PDT.
She said the sequence of events was still unclear, but it appeared the plane landed and then crashed.
A video clip posted to Youtube shows smoke coming from the silver-colored Boeing 777 jet on the tarmac. Passengers could be seen jumping down the inflatable emergency slides.
Fire trucks could be seen spraying white fire retardant on the wreckage.
A call to the airline seeking comment wasn’t immediately returned.
The plane was estimated to be carrying at least 292 passengers. A Boeing 777-200 can carry between 246 to 300 passengers. The twin-engine aircraft is one of Boeing’s best selling airplane models. It is often used for flights of 12 hours or more, from one continent to another.
The National Transportation Safety Board says it’s sending a team of investigators to San Francisco to probe the crash of an Asiana airliner.
NTSB spokeswoman Kelly Nantel said Saturday that NTSB Chairman Deborah Hersman would head the team.
All flights out of San Francisco International Airport have been canceled, the FAA said.
A tweet from Boeing said the company’s thoughts are with those affected by the crash, and that the will assist the NTSB in the investigation.
The airline, founded in 1988, is based in Seoul, South Korea. It has recently tried to expand its presence in the United States, and joined the oneWorld alliance, anchored by American Airlines and British Airways.
Pilot of crashed Asiana plane was ‘in training’ to fly Boeing 777
The pilot of the Asiana plane that crashed at San Francisco International Airport was still in training for the Boeing 777 when he attempted to land the aircraft under supervision on Saturday, the South Korean airline said.
Lee Kang-kuk was the second most junior pilot of four on board the Asiana Airlines plane. He had 43 hours of experience flying the long-range jet, the airline said on Monday.
The plane’s crew tried to abort the descent less than two seconds before it hit a seawall on the landing approach to the airport, bounced along the tarmac and burst into flames.
The Asiana flight from Seoul to San Francisco, with 16 crew and 291 passengers, included several large groups of Chinese students. Two teenage Chinese girls on their way to summer camp in the United States were killed and more than 180 injured in the crash, the first fatal accident involving the Boeing 777 since it entered service in 1995.
Lee Kang-kuk had been flying since 1994 and is a “very experienced pilot” with other types of planes, including Boeing 747s, 737s and A320s, said spokeswoman Lee Hyo-min.
But “he was in training for B777,” she said, adding that he had 9,793 hours of flight time. She said he had traveled to San Francisco International previously, “but with B777, not much.”
It was Lee Kang-kuk’s first attempt to land a 777 at San Francisco airport, although he had flown there 29 times previously on other types of aircraft, said South Korean transport ministry official Choi Seung-youn.
She identified the co-pilot as Lee Jung-min, who has logged more than 12,000 flight hours. “He had lots of experience with the B777,” the spokeswoman said.Asiana confirmed Lee Kang-kuk, in his mid 40s, was in the pilot seat during the landing. It was not clear whether Lee Jung-min, the senior pilot, who had clocked up 3,220 hours on a Boeing 777, had tried to take over to abort the landing.
“It’s a training that is common in the global aviation industry. All responsibilities lie with the instructor captain,” Yoon Young-doo, the president and CEO of the airline, told a news conference on Monday at the company headquarters.
The plane crashed after the crew tried to abort the landing with less than two seconds to go, the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board said on Sunday.
Information collected from the plane’s cockpit voice recorder and flight data recorder indicated there were no signs of problems until seven seconds before impact, when the crew tried to accelerate, NTSB Chairwoman Deborah Hersman told reporters at San Francisco airport.
A stall warning, in which the cockpit controls begin to shake, activated four seconds before impact, and the crew tried to abort the landing and initiate what is known as a “go around” maneuver 1.5 seconds before crashing, Hersman said.
“Air speed was significantly below the target air speed” of 137 knots, she said. The throttle was set at idle as the plane approached the airport and the engines appeared to respond normally when the crew tried to gain speed in the seconds before the crash, she said.
Rescuers may have caused second death
In a tragic twist, the San Francisco Fire Department said one of the Chinese teenagers may have been run over by an emergency vehicle as first responders reached the scene.
“One of the deceased did have injuries consistent with those of having been run over by a vehicle,” fire department spokeswoman Mindy Talmadge said.
The two, Ye Mengyuan and Wang Linjia, were classmates and friends from the Jiangshan Middle School in Quzhou, in the prosperous eastern coastal province of Zhejiang.
They were among a group of 30 students and five teachers from the school on their way to attend a summer camp in the United States, the official Xinhua news agency said.
Ye, 16, had an easy smile, was an active member of the student council and had a passion for biology, the Beijing News reported.
“Responsible, attentive, pretty, intelligent,” were the words written about her on a recent school report, it added.
http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-san-francisco-plane-crash-20130706,0,284092.story
Two Dead in San Francisco Plane Crash
- ANDY PASZTOR
- By
and
- VAUHINI VARA
A Boeing BA +0.60% 777 arriving from Seoul crashed and erupted into flames while landing at San Francisco International Airport, killing two people and critically injuring dozens.
Officials said Asiana Airlines 020560.SE -5.76% Flight 214 with 307 people on board, including 16 crew members, crashed just before noon local time. Witnesses said they saw puffs of smoke, apparently from the main wheels or tail hitting the ground, before the plane was engulfed in flames; some parts of the jet were later found in the San Francisco Bay, which circles the beginning of the runway. Passengers were seen jumping down emergency inflatable slides to the tarmac.
San Francisco Fire Chief Joanne Hayes-White at a news briefing Saturday evening said 182 of the passengers were sent to Bay Area hospitals. The remaining passengers who weren’t injured were being reunited with friends and family, officials said.
South Korean government officials said the two people killed were female Chinese nationals.
Passenger Eugene Anthony Rah said he was still reliving the day’s harrowing experience, “like a slide show that keeps playing.”
Mr. Rah, a hip-hop concert producer who was on his 173rd flight from Seoul to San Francisco on Asiana Airlines, said he knew as he looked out the window on the approach to the runway that something was wrong.
“The altitude was too low” over San Francisco Bay, he said, and then he heard an unusual engine noise, like revving. “I thought (the pilot) was trying to get more power,” to gain elevation
After the plane slammed into the ground, Mr. Rah said it seemed to careen out of control, as it skidded sideways. “I thought that was it. I was going to die. To be honest, I’m still surprised I’m alive. When the plane hit so hard, I thought it would flip over or blow up. …There was smoke but no fire yet,” he said.
The plane skidded on its belly and then stopped. At that point, “the screaming stopped and there was silence in the plane. Total silence,” he said.
Minutes later, he said the captain was screaming on the loudspeaker for everyone to get off the plane, but before exiting he saw several acts of heroism. Mr. Rah saw a flight attendant carrying injured passengers down the aisle.
“She was a hero,” he said. “This tiny, little girl was carrying people piggyback, running everywhere, with tears running down her face. She was crying, but she was still so calm and helping people.”
Mr. Rah said the flight attendants got everyone off the plane as the smoke billowed inside. He slid down the slide and, maybe 10 to 15 minutes after the crash, flames spread through the passenger compartment.
“It is incredible and very lucky that we have so many survivors,” San Francisco Mayor Edwin Lee said at a Saturday evening news briefing.
he passengers included 141 Chinese nationals, 77 Korean nationals and 61 U.S. citizens, among others, Mr. Lee said. Asiana said the flight originated from Kansai International Airport in Osaka, Japan, stopped in Seoul and then carried on to San Francisco.
More than 50 patients were taken to San Francisco General Hospital. Chris Barton, chief of the hospital’s emergency department, said at a news conference that several of the crash patients suffered spinal and head injuries, including possible concussions and bleeding that resulted from blunt force to the head. He said the equivalent of a downward fall that the passengers faced during the crash might have caused spinal fractures.
Six passengers remained in critical condition on Saturday evening, said hospital spokeswoman Rachael Kagan, but she added that 11 other Bay Area hospitals received crash victims.
Safety experts said it was premature to speculate whether pilot error or a flight-control problem was at fault. The weather was excellent, with light winds and good visibility. The 777’s pilots were following a routine visual approach and didn’t radio any problems or declare an emergency before impact, according to preliminary reports.
Officials from the National Transportation Safety Board and South Korea’s transport ministry were sending teams to the site for a full investigation.
According to people familiar with the sequence of events, barely seconds before impact some controllers in the tower worried the crew’s visual approach appeared to be too low; they saw what they interpreted as a last-minute bid by the pilots to raise the nose and gain altitude, though investigators haven’t confirmed that.
Early reports by eyewitnesses, government officials and industry safety experts, however, indicated the plane touched down several hundred feet before the beginning of the runway.
Commercial pilots who saw the crash from the airport or nearby hotels said the plane appeared to land unusually hard and short, then spun around the strip and erupted in flames. One of the major issues investigators are likely to examine relates to an instrument-landing system that wasn’t operational at the time, and had been out of commission on that strip for weeks due to runway improvement work.
The crew of the Asiana jet didn’t need the system to make such a visual approach and according to safety experts, a separate set of lights was functioning to warn pilots about approaches that were too high or too low to touch down safely.
Government and industry safety experts increasingly believed parts of the plane initially hit the protective sea wall in front of the strip. In any case, investigators will focus on flight commands by the pilots and the operation of automated flight-control systems.
Benjamin Levy, a partner at Silicon Valley venture capital firm Bootstrap Labs, walked away from the crash with only cuts and bruises.
Mr. Levy, who sat next to the window in an exit row, saw no flames as the plane landed, he said. “There was some smoke, not too much. The fire started afterward,” said the San Francisco resident.
Mr. Levy said “there was no indication” of any problems before the plane started falling. “We just hit the runway and went into a crash,” Mr. Levy said. However, before he realized the plane was crashing, he wondered why it was flying so close to the water.
“We almost landed in the water just before hitting really hard,” he said. “And then we are going back up. I thought maybe we are going to start taking off again. But we didn’t.”
San Francisco Police Chief Greg Suhr said Saturday evening that the rescue operation involved shooting foam and water into the holes in the plane and tossing tools inside from below, like knives that crew members used to cut passengers out of their seats.
David Eun, a Samsung Electronics 005930.SE -3.24% executive who was on the plane and able to walk away from the scene, tweeted some of the first information about the crash.
“I just crash landed at SFO. Tail ripped off. Most everyone seems fine. I’m OK. Surreal…” read the first tweet from Mr. Eun, who also posted pictures of the smoking wreckage.
Another tweet from him described the scene: “Fire and rescue people all over the place. They’re evacuating the injured. Haven’t felt this way since 9/11. Trying to help people stay calm. Deep breaths…”
020560.SE -5.76% At a hastily arranged news conference in Seoul midafternoon Sunday, Asiana President Yoon Young-doo and a group of executives bowed in apology. Mr. Yoon called the accident “regretful.”
The airline doesn’t believe the accident was caused by an engine or mechanical problem, Mr. Yoon said, but added that all facts related to the investigation would be announced by the NTSB.
Mr. Yoon also said the pilots on the flight were veterans with around 10,000 hours of flying time each.
Boeing Co. said in a statement that it “extends its deepest condolences to the families and friends of those who perished” in the accident, and “wishes for the recovery of those injured.” The company said it will provide technical assistance to the NTSB’s investigation.
Law-enforcement and counterterrorism agencies so far have found no sign that terrorism was involved, officials said. The White House said President Barack Obama was being kept informed about developments.
It is the first time one of Boeing’s widely used 777 jets has been involved in a fatal crash. The only other major accident involving the Boeing model occurred in January 2008. Ice accumulation blocked fuel flow to both engines of a British Airways IAG.MC +1.18% 777 that crash landed on approach to London’s Heathrow International Airport. No one was injured in that accident, but it prompted major changes in operating procedures and a redesign of fuel systems aboard the 777.
Nearly 1,100 Boeing 777s have been delivered since May 1995 and have served as the backbone of the plane maker’s long-range products.
Asiana Airlines Inc., South Korea’s second-largest airline by revenue and passengers after Korean Air Lines Co., 003490.SE -0.34% has had two prior fatal accidents since its founding in 1988. The most recent was the crash of a Boeing 747 cargo plane crashed near Jeju Island, south of the South Korean mainland, in 2011. A pilot and co-pilot were killed.
Asiana’s earlier fatal accident happened in 1993, when one of its Boeing 737 aircraft crashed into a mountain as it approached an airport in Haenam, South Korea. Sixty-six people died and 44 were injured.
California Gov. Jerry Brown and his wife issued a statement Saturday evening expressing sympathy for the crash victims.
“Anne and I extend our deepest concerns and sympathy to the passengers who were aboard Asiana Flight 214 and to their families,” he said. “We are grateful for the courage and swift response of the first responders whose actions surely prevented an even greater tragedy.”
020560.SE -5.76% San Francisco-Seoul is the third busiest international route out of the SFO airport, according to the U.S. Department of Transportation statistics released in October last year. That route carried 646,891 passengers in 2011. That is behind the SFO-London Heathrow and SFO-Hong Kong routes.
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324853704578589931621168780.html
Ye Mengyuan, Wang Linjia Identified As SFO Plane Crash Victims
By GILLIAN WONG
The two Chinese teenagers who died in an Asiana Airlines plane crash in San Francisco were student leaders who excelled in their studies and in the arts – one was a calligrapher and the other a pianist.
Wang Linjia, 16, and Ye Mengyuan, 17, were students at Jiangshan Middle School in eastern China who were traveling on a summer camp program organized by the school to visit universities in California, state media reported Monday.
The group included 29 students and four teachers from four schools in the city of Jiangshan. They were to visit Silicon Valley, Stanford University and University of California’s campuses in Los Angeles and Berkeley as part of an English-language program, according to the Youth Times, an official newspaper in Zhejiang province.
Wang was class representative for three years and teachers and schoolmates described her as excelling in physics and being good at calligraphy and drawing, according to the paper.
The newspaper said a reporter visited the girl’s family at a hotel and that Wang’s mother was sitting on a bed, crying silently while her father was sitting in a chair with a blank expression.
Wang’s next-door neighbor, a woman surnamed Xia, described Wang as being quiet, courteous and diligent.
“She was very keen to learn, every time she came home she would be studying, very rarely did she go out and play,” Xia was quoted as saying. She said Wang’s father proudly displayed her calligraphy and art pieces on the walls of his office.
The other victim, Ye, also was a top student who excelled in literature and was talented with the piano, singing, and gymnastics. The Youth Times said Ye had recently won a national gymnastics competition and routinely received honors at the school’s annual speech contests.
The two girls were classmates from four years ago and became close friends, the paper said.
The girls posted their last messages on their microblog accounts on Thursday and Friday. “Perhaps time can dilute the coffee in the cup, and can polish the outlines of memory,” Wang said on Friday.
Her final message was simply the word “go.”
Of the 291 passengers onboard, 141 were Chinese. At least 70 Chinese students and teachers were on the plane heading to summer camps, according to education authorities in China.
The flight slammed into the runway while landing at San Francisco International Airport on Saturday and caught fire, forcing many to escape by sliding down the emergency inflatable slides as flames tore through the plane. Officials said 182 people were taken to area hospitals.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/07/ye-mengyuan-wang-linjia-sfo-plane-crash_n_3557013.html
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David Bowie: Where Are We Now? Full Video
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David Bowie – Sound and Vision
A documentary, which takes you on a journey of Bowie’s revolutionary career, struggle with his personal life and his achievements and successes. Features interviews with Bowie, Iman his wife, his musical contemporaries including Iggy Pop, Moby and Trent Razor. Exclusive footage of live performances of the showman’s best and music and film to showcase 30 years of his career. Highlights Bowie’s interests, passions and involvement with the arts. One not to be missed!
Ray Kurzweil–How To Create A Mind: The Secret of Human Thought Revealed–Videos
Ray Kurzweil “How to Create a Mind”, Authors at Google
Exclusive Interview with Ray Kurzweil
Ray Kurzweil:How to Create a Mind 1
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Spoiler: How a Third Political Party Could Win!–Video
SPOiLER: How a Third Political Party Could Win
A James Jaeger Film featuring
CHUCK BALDWIN, Radio Host-Pastor;
PAT BUCHANAN, Author/Political Analyst;
G. EDWARD GRIFFIN, Author/Producer;
NELSON HULTBERG, Political Strategist,
PETER LILLBACK, Author/Theologian;
JOHN McMANUS, President John Birch Society;
EDWIN VIEIRA, Author/Constitutional Attorney and
JOHN WILLIAMS, Economist-Statistician with guest appearances by JACK ROONEY, Senatorial Candidate and RON PAUL, Congressman/Presidential Candidate.
Produced by Matrixx Productions in association with the Foundation for the Advancement of Free-market Thinking – Produced by EDWIN VIEIRA – HENRIETTA M. JAEGER, Executive Producer ANTHONY WILE, Associate Producers DIANA ZOPPA – DAN HAPPEL – ELIAS ALIAS . Written & Directed by JAMES JAEGER
SPOILER explores the political, economic and philosophic ethos of the past 98 years for insights into the debt-driven, welfare-warfare state and ways Americans can get back to a Constitutional republic. Analyzing the reasons no third party has been successful since John C. Fremont and Abraham Lincoln ran on the new Republican Party around 1860, SPOiLER offers a platform — based on the political strategies of Nelson Hultberg — that could inspire an existing, or new, third party to win, thus putting an end to the DemoPublican monopoly.
Who Will Be Our Modern Day Jefferson? by Nelson Hultberg
Anybody with a lick of sense realizes there’s no difference anymore between the Democrats and Republicans. Both preach big dictatorial government to the people, and they do so relentlessly. Thus many Americans now realize that we need to open up the process and offer a small government vision as a third choice.
The question is how do we bring about such a goal. Many hurdles to a third-party exist, and many objections among conservatives to even begin such an attempt exist. What follows will provide some answers to those objections and outline a dramatic plan that will not only defeat Obama’s socialist agenda in 2012, but also save America in the coming decades from Republican socialism.
Restoring the Republic
It is assumed that Ron Paul will run again for the Republican nomination in 2012. But could this maverick freedom advocate actually take the GOP nomination away from one of the establishment luminaries such as Romney, Gingrich, Huckabee, or Palin? Common sense tells us, no. But that doesn’t mean he shouldn’t try, for in the effort to do so the message of freedom at least gets a hearing.
But once Paul sees that he is going to be denied the nomination (along about February or March of 2012), he then needs to set his sights higher than just being a hard-money spokesman running Don Quixote-style campaigns to purge the Fed from the country. As important as this goal is, it’s going to require many decades to achieve anything substantive regarding such abolishment. Are Americans ready to adopt a totally free-market banking system, which is what would be required if we eliminated the Fed? Certainly not this decade or next. Maybe in 50 years.
There is a bigger, better crusade for Ron Paul to lead, however. It could be implemented NOW, rather than in 50 years. And it wouldn’t diminish his effort to expose the Fed and eventually phase it out.
Ron Paul needs to think “Independent Crusade” in the manner of Ross Perot in 1992, which would get him into the National TV Presidential Debates. The importance of this is that it puts Congressman Paul in front of 70 million voters on the major networks. Getting into the Republican nomination debates in primary season (as he did in 2008) only puts him in front of 10 million voters on the cable stations. Running as a Republican nominee is small potatoes. The big prize is the fall Presidential Debates. But only an Independent run can bring this about because Paul is not going to get into those debates as the GOP nominee.
There’s also another reason why the “Presidential Debates” are so important. In the Republican nomination debates, the moderators can ostracize a candidate by asking him only a few superficial questions and then ignoring him in favor of statist favorites such as Romney or Gingrich. This is what they did to Paul in 2008. But in the fall Presidential Debates there has to be equal time given to all candidates. Thus the moderator cannot ignore the freedom candidate in favor of the establishment favorites.
For Ron Paul to create a successful Independent run, he will need to find a promising conservative (let’s call him “Jefferson Thomas”) to team with as his VP candidate and do what Ross Perot and James Stockdale did in 1992. It goes without saying that Jefferson Thomas must be a man with gravitas and big league political experience, which unfortunately Stockdale was not. Perot managed to get on the ballot in almost all the states in less than six months at a cost of about $25-$30 million. A ticket of Ron Paul and Jefferson Thomas could do the same thing. Paul has already demonstrated that he has that kind of money-raising capability.
Thus our goal must now be to find Jefferson Thomas, or to have him find us. He will have to possess a genuine respect for the Founders’ vision. And he will have to be a strong social conservative, but one who wishes to promote traditional values in society through the churches and schools rather than legislative mandates.
By employing less radical language for some of Ron Paul’s 2008 positions, a formidable ticket could be formed. In today’s atmosphere of severe recession, ruinous foreign wars, Washington socialism run amok, and Tea Party revolts, such a ticket could garner the necessary 15% in the polls to gain entrance into the National TV Presidential Debates and give the freedom movement a podium in front of 70 million American voters.
A Ron Paul / Jefferson Thomas Independent run would electrify the country. It would sweep into the TV Presidential Debates in the same fashion that Ross Perot did in 1992. Today’s crisis times would guarantee it. And what’s most important is that this time, the Paul / Thomas ticket would be talking true free-enterprise and foreign policy sanity. Not to take anything away from Perot; he was a great American hero and a wonderful tribute to the country. But he did not advocate “limited government.” He basically accepted the monstrous welfare-statism of the two major parties. Ron Paul and Jefferson Thomas would not do this; thus their message would be truly salvational. Imagine them running on the following four Pillars of Reform:
Pillar # 1: A 10% equal-rate income tax across the board as replacement for our progressive tax rate structure, which would restore equal rights under the law to the system. With elimination of all special privileges, exemptions, and breaks, the tax base would be large enough for a simple 10% rate to be revenue neutral. But most importantly such a tax would stifle the “infinite demand” for government services that results from exempting 50% of the nations voters as our present progressive system does. When voters pay zero taxes for their services, their demand for those services is infinite. This is a cardinal law of economics, and it is the primary source of the relentless government growth that is bankrupting our nation today.
A 10% equal-rate tax will stifle this relentless growth. Voters will no longer want all the pork and privileges if they have to pay for them proportionally out of their own pockets. They will begin demanding a steady reduction of government. They will begin demanding that the 10% rate be lowered to 8%, 7%, 5%, and eventually replaced with across-the-board tariffs and a small national sales tax. Voila! The horrid income tax and IRS could be ended in a decade or two simply by eliminating “progressive rates.”
Pillar #2: Mandating by law that the Federal Reserve increase the money supply annually at the same rate as the growth of goods and services — approximately 4%. This would reduce price inflation to zero every year and end the horrible destruction of our currency and savings until we can convince Americans to end the Fed and restore gold. Milton Friedman suggested this years ago. It has its own flaws and thus is not a permanent solution, but it will stifle price inflation and buy time for us to educate America about vital monetary truths.
Enactment of these first two pillars of tax and monetary reform will bring hundreds of billions of dollars of investment capital back to America and millions of jobs back from overseas. It will create an explosion of economic productivity. It will restore our country’s manufacturing power and our people’s freedom because it will end the government’s ability to expand through confiscatory taxation and currency debasement.
Pillar #3: Radical immigration reform that encompasses a genuine crackdown on illegals and the total abandonment of any kind of amnesty. We don’t need massive deportation schemes to bring this about. An effective immigration reform would entail mandating English as the country’s official language, ending anchor baby policies, as well as chain migration and all welfare perks for illegals, along with persistent prosecution of all employers who hire illegals. In other words, remove the honey pots from our backyard, and the fire ants will stop invading us. The illegals will stay home.
Pillar #4: Ending the Mideast wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and returning to a mind-our-own-business foreign policy, which means we maintain a powerful military, but stop trying to be the policeman for the world. Carry a big stick, but walk softly would be the advice of the Founders. America does not need 820 military bases in 135 countries aound the globe. We are bankrupting the nation both morally and financially with such imperial hubris.
Imagine Ron Paul and Jefferson Thomas giving 30 minute lectures regarding these Pillars in prime time TV the night before each of their debates as Perot did so effectively in 1992 with his lectures on the coming debt crisis. Such an ideological challenge would shake up the corrupt Demopublican establishment in a very big way. In my opinion it would launch a profound paradigm shift in American politics.
Would a Paul-Thomas ticket be able to get 38% of the vote and win in a three-man race? Probably not; but what’s important is that freedom would now have a powerful voice in national politics. This would lay the groundwork for Jefferson Thomas running again in 2016 as head of a new party and vision for America — a small government vision of freedom and sanity. That new party is already formed. It is called the Conservative American Party, and it could be officially registered in all states and sufficiently promoted to the American people by 2016 if Ron Paul and Jefferson Thomas endorsed it. Paul would be 80 years old by then, but he would become the elder statesman, the symbolic head of the party.
Unlike today’s conventional third-parties that get only 1% of the vote, this would be a REAL third-party that achieves parity with the Democrats and Republicans and then replaces the Republicans as they replaced the Whigs in the 1850s.
Naysayers on the Right
The naysayers on the right will protest that such a campaign would split the Republican Party vote and assure Obama’s re-election, which is intolerable. This is a false fear that is stultifying the freedom movement. Here’s why. If a Paul / Thomas Independent ticket loses and Obama wins as a result of the GOP support being split, his socialist agenda can still be stopped because Republican conservatives will pick up a considerable number of seats in the House and Senate in 2012 — adding to their sizeable gains in the recent 2010 elections. This will create gridlock and force Obama to come into the center and govern no differently than a Romney or Gingrich.
So what do we lose in 2012 by splitting the Republican vote? Nothing. What we gain, however, is the means to dramatically explain to America what is really happening. Our message of freedom gains access to 70 million voters! The Demopublican monopoly of ideas is broken! A genuine third choice is offered. This has never been done in the entire 48-year history of the Presidential debates.
What’s important to grasp is that the country is finally ready to establish a conservative / libertarian era of government. The past 80 years of Marxist-Keynesian ideology has created the ruination that is driving the people to this realization. All that is necessary now is for a courageous leader to enter the scene and crystallize such a realization with a Ross Perot style campaign in 2012.
The path would then be open for a Jefferson Thomas win in 2016 on a Conservative American Party ticket, which would be genuinely revolutionary in a way that the ossified Republican Party can never be. The restoration of the republic could begin. The Four Pillars of Reform mentioned above could be implemented.
Would Ron Paul be willing to give up his House seat to run an Independent race? Hopefully so. At this time, we need him more in the National TV Presidential Debates than we do in Congress. He is no longer just a Representative from south Texas caught up in exposing the criminality of the Fed. He is the leader of freedom’s hope in America. This entails different responsibilities and larger ambitions. The freedom movement needs to be sensationalized, which requires a leader who is articulately schooled in its ideological fundamentals. Ron Paul is the one who history has ordained as that political leader.
Many prominent intellectuals, talk show hosts, and activists, would support a Ron Paul / Jefferson Thomas ticket such as: Patrick J. Buchanan, G. Edward Griffin, Edwin Vieira, Judge Andrew Napolitano, Alex Jones, Chuck Baldwin, Peter Brimelow, Thomas Sowell, Paul Craig Roberts, John Stossel, Walter Williams, Bill Bonner, Sheriff Richard Mack, Stewart Rhodes, Rick Santelli, David Koch, Peter Schiff, John McManus, Peter Lillback, Ted Baehr, and thousands of other prominent men and women in positions of leadership in the business, media, entertainment, religious, and literary arenas.
The latest Gallup Poll indicates that 58% of the American people feel that the Democratic and Republican Parties are doing such a terrible job that a third-party is needed. The time for such a revolution is now. As Shakespeare said, “There is a tide in the affairs of men, which taken at the flood, leads on to fortune; omitted, all the voyage of their life is bound in shallows and in miseries.”
America desperately needs a small-government vision in its political arena. And the best way to bring such a vision about is to launch it with an Independent run by Ron Paul and Jefferson Thomas in 2012, to be followed by the official formation of the Conservative American Party for 2016 with Jefferson Thomas as its candidate for President.
To learn more about the Conservative American Party, see The Conservative Revolution: Why We Must Form a Third Political Party to Win It. This book explains in great detail the Four Pillars of Reform.
Also a new documentary, inspired by The Conservative Revolution, is now in production by filmmaker, James Jaeger. The feature-length film entitled, SPOiLER – How a Third Political Party Could Win, features Pat Buchanan, Edwin Vieira, G. Edward Griffin, John McManus, Peter Lillback, and others. A 3½ minute trailer is available at the official SPOiLER website at http://www.SpoilerUSA.org.
Conservatives and libertarians of America need to put their thinking caps on. Just as David O. Selznick conducted a nationwide search in the late 1930s to find his Scarlett O’Hara for Gone With The Wind, we need to find our Jefferson Thomas to team with Ron Paul for an Independent campaign in 2012 and then assume leadership of the freedom movement for 2016. Just as Hollywood needed Vivien Leigh, America now needs Jefferson Thomas to come forth.
—————- Nelson Hultberg is a freelance writer in Dallas, Texas and the Director of Americans for a Free Republic http://www.afr.org. His articles have appeared in such publications as The Dallas Morning News, the San Antonio Express-News, The American Conservative, Insight, The Freeman, and Liberty, as well as on numerous Internet sites. Email him at: nhultberg@afr.org
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UPDATED October 29, 2013
Alice Stokes Paul: the Women’s Suffrage Movement
“Alice Paul was the architect of some of the most outstanding political achievements on behalf of women in the 20th century. Born on January 11, 1885 to Quaker parents in Mt. Laurel, New Jersey, Alice Paul dedicated her life to the single cause of securing equal rights for all women. Few individuals have had as much impact on American history as has Alice Paul. Her life symbolizes the long struggle for justice in the United States and around the world. Her vision was the ordinary notion that women and men should be equal partners in society. She played an important role in the woman’s suffrage movement picketing the White House, going to prison, and even enduring forced feeding during the struggle to get the 19th amendment passed, which secured voting rights for women in America.”
Alice Paul and the Battle for the Ballot
Mary Walton talks about her new book, A Woman’s Crusade: Alice Paul and the Battle for the Ballot. Alice Paul was one of the most important civil rights activists of the 20th century and a pioneer of nonviolent resistance. Her tactics and leadership were crucial to winning passage of the 19th Amendment, which gave women the right to vote.
Alice Paul presented by The Alice Paul Institute
Alice Paul: Working Towards Equality for the 51% Minority
National History Day Documentary Finalist 2009
Alice Paul vs President Woodrow Wilson
Iron Jawed Angels Trailer
Iron Jawed Angels Edited
Iron Jawed Angels Part 1/12
Iron Jawed Angels Part 2/12
Iron Jawed Angels Part 3/12
Iron Jawed Angels Part 4/12
Iron Jawed Angels Part 5/12
Iron Jawed Angels Part 6/12
Iron Jawed Angels Part 7/12
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Background Articles and Videos
Alice Paul
Alice Paul vs President Woodrow Wilson
Who Was Alice Paul? Pt 1
Who Was Alice Paul? Pt 2
Who Was Alice Paul? Pt 3
Alice Paul
“…Alice Paul received her undergraduate education from Swarthmore College, and then earned her M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania. Paul received her LL.B from the Washington College of Law at American University in 1922.[2] In 1927, she earned an LL.M, and in 1928, a Doctorate in Civil Laws from American University.[3] Since the Washington College of Law merged with American University more than twenty years after Paul’s graduation in 1949, she had the distinction of receiving law degrees from both schools.[4]
Women’s Suffrage and the Nineteenth Amendment
After her graduation from the University of Pennsylvania, Paul joined the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and was appointed Chairwoman of their Congressional Committee in Washington, DC.[3] After months of fundraising and raising awareness for the cause, membership numbers went up in 1913. Their focus was lobbying for a constitutional amendment to secure the right to vote for women. Such an amendment had originally been sought by suffragists Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton who tried securing the vote on a state-by-state basis.
Paul’s methods began to create tension between her and the leader of NAWSA, who felt that a constitutional amendment was not practical for the times. When her lobbying efforts proved fruitless, Paul and her colleagues formed the National Woman’s Party (NWP) in 1916 and began introducing some of the methods used by the suffrage movement in Britain. The National Woman’s Party was funded by Alva Belmont who was a multi-millionaire socialite at the time. The NWP was accompanied by press coverage and the publication of the weekly Suffragist.[3]
In the US presidential election of 1916, Paul and the NWP campaigned against the continuing refusal of President Woodrow Wilson and other incumbent Democrats to support the Suffrage Amendment actively. In January 1917, the NWP staged the first political protest to picket the White House. The picketers, known as “Silent Sentinels,” held banners demanding the right to vote. This was an example of a non-violent civil disobedience campaign. In July 1917, picketers were arrested on charges of “obstructing traffic.” Many, including Paul, were convicted and incarcerated at the Occoquan Workhouse in Virginia (later the Lorton Correctional Complex) and the District of Columbia Jail.[3]
In a protest of the conditions in Occoquan, Paul commenced a hunger strike, which led to her being moved to the prison’s psychiatric ward and force-fed raw eggs through a feeding tube. This, combined with the continuing demonstrations and attendant press coverage, kept pressure on the Wilson administration.[3] In January, 1918, Wilson announced that women’s suffrage was urgently needed as a “war measure”, and strongly urged Congress to pass the legislation. In 1920, after coming down to one vote in the state of Tennessee, the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution secured the vote for women.[5]
…”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Paul
Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
“…The Nineteenth Amendment (Amendment XIX) to the United States Constitution prohibits any United States citizen to be denied the right to vote based on sex. It was ratified on August 18, 1920.
The Constitution allows states to determine the qualifications for voting, and until the 1910s most states disenfranchised women. The amendment was the culmination of the women’s suffrage movement, which fought at both state and national levels to achieve the vote.
Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the amendment and first introduced it in 1878; it was forty-one years later, in 1919, when the Congress submitted the amendment to the states for ratification. A year later, it was ratified by the requisite number of states, with Tennessee’s ratification being the final vote needed to add the amendment to the Constitution.
The Nineteenth Amendment was unsuccessfully challenged in Leser v. Garnett (1922). In that case, the Supreme Court rejected claims that the amendment was unconstitutionally adopted. …”
The United States Constitution, adopted in 1789, left the boundaries of suffrage undefined. This authority was implicitly delegated to the individual states, all of which denied the right to women (with the exception of New Jersey, which initially carried women’s suffrage but revoked it in 1807).
While scattered movements and organizations dedicated to women’s rights existed previously, the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention in New York is traditionally held as the start of the American women’s rights movement. Suffrage was not a focus of the convention, however, and its advancement was minimal in the decades preceding the Civil War. While suffrage bills were introduced into most state legislatures during this period, they were generally disregarded and few came to a vote.[1]
The women’s suffrage movement took hold after the war, during the Reconstruction era (1865–1877). During this period, women’s rights leaders advocated for inclusion of universal suffrage as a civil right in the Reconstruction amendments (the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments). Despite their efforts, these amendments did nothing to promote women’s suffrage.[2][3]
“…Continued settlement of the western frontier, along with the establishment of territorial constitutions, allowed the issue to be raised continually at the state level. Through the activism of suffrage organizations and independent political parties, women’s suffrage was established in the newly formed constitutions of Wyoming Territory (1869), Utah (1870), and Washington Territory (1883).[3] Existing state legislatures began to consider suffrage bills, and several even held voter referenda, but they were unsuccessful.[6] Efforts at the national level persisted through a strategy of congressional testimony, petitioning, and lobbying.[7]
Two rival organizations, the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), were formed in 1869.[2] The NWSA, led by suffrage leaders Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, attempted several unsuccessful court challenges in the mid-1870s.[6] Their legal case, known as the New Departure strategy, was that the Fourteenth Amendment (granting universal citizenship) and Fifteenth Amendment (granting the vote irrespective of race) together served to guarantee voting rights to women. Three Supreme Court decisions from 1873 to 1875 rejected this argument, so these groups shifted to advocating for a new constitutional amendment.[8]
The Nineteenth Amendment’s text was drafted by Susan B. Anthony with the assistance of Elizabeth Cady Stanton.[9] The proposed amendment was first introduced in the U.S. Senate colloquially as the “Anthony Amendment”, by Senator Aaron A. Sargent of California. Sargent, who had met and befriended Anthony on a train ride in 1872, was a dedicated women’s suffrage advocate. He had frequently attempted to insert women’s suffrage provisions into unrelated bills, but did not formally introduce a constitutional amendment until January 1878.[10] Stanton and other women testified before the Senate in support of the amendment.[11] The proposal sat in a committee until it was considered by the full Senate and rejected in a 16 to 34 vote in 1887.[9]
A three-decade period known as “the doldrums” followed, during which the amendment was not considered by Congress and the women’s suffrage movement achieved few victories.[12][13] During this period, the suffragists pressed for the right to vote in the laws of individual states and territories while retaining the goal of federal recognition.[9] A flurry of activity began in 1910 and 1911 with surprise successes in Washington and California.[12] Over the next few years, most western states passed legislation or voter referenda enacting full or partial suffrage for women.[14] These successes were linked to the 1912 election, which saw the rise of the Progressive and Socialist parties, as well as the election of Democratic President Woodrow Wilson.[12][13] Not until 1914 was the constitutional amendment again considered by the Senate, where it was again rejected.[9]
On January 12, 1915, a proposal to amend the Constitution to provide for women’s suffrage was brought before the House of Representatives, but was defeated by a vote of 204 to 174. Another proposal was brought before the House on January 10, 1918. During the previous evening, President Wilson made a strong and widely published appeal to the House to pass the amendment. It was passed by the required two-thirds of the House, with only one vote to spare. The vote was then carried into the Senate. Wilson again made an appeal, but on September 30, 1918, the proposal fell two votes short of passage. On February 10, 1919, it was again voted upon and failed by only one vote.
There was considerable desire among politicians of both parties to have the proposal made part of the Constitution before the 1920 general elections, so the President called a special session of the Congress so the proposal would be brought before the House again. On May 21, 1919, it passed the House, 42 votes more than necessary being obtained. On June 4, 1919, it was brought before the Senate and, after a long discussion, it was passed with 56 ayes and 25 nays. Within a few days, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan ratified the amendment, their legislatures being in session. Other states followed suit at a regular pace, until the amendment had been ratified by 35 of the necessary 36 state legislatures. On August 18, 1920, Tennessee narrowly approved the Nineteenth Amendment, with 50 of 99 members of the Tennessee House of Representatives voting yes.[15] This provided the final ratification necessary to enact the amendment.[16]
The Congress proposed the Nineteenth Amendment on June 4, 1919, and the following states ratified the amendment.[17][18]
- Wisconsin (June 10, 1919)
- Illinois (June 10, 1919, reaffirmed on June 17, 1919)
- Michigan (June 10, 1919)
- Kansas (June 16, 1919)
- New York (June 16, 1919)
- Ohio (June 16, 1919)
- Pennsylvania (June 24, 1919)
- Massachusetts (June 25, 1919)
- Texas (June 28, 1919)
- Iowa (July 2, 1919)[note 1]
- Missouri (July 3, 1919)
- Arkansas (July 28, 1919)
- Montana (August 2, 1919)[note 1]
- Nebraska (August 2, 1919)
- Minnesota (September 8, 1919)
- New Hampshire (September 10, 1919)[note 1]
- Utah (October 2, 1919)
- California (November 1, 1919)
- Maine (November 5, 1919)
- North Dakota (December 1, 1919)
- South Dakota (December 4, 1919)
- Colorado (December 15, 1919)[note 1]
- Kentucky (January 6, 1920)
- Rhode Island (January 6, 1920)
- Oregon (January 13, 1920)
- Indiana (January 16, 1920)
- Wyoming (January 27, 1920)
- Nevada (February 7, 1920)
- New Jersey (February 9, 1920)
- Idaho (February 11, 1920)
- Arizona (February 12, 1920)
- New Mexico (February 21, 1920)
- Oklahoma (February 28, 1920)
- West Virginia (March 10, 1920, confirmed on September 21, 1920)
- Washington (March 22, 1920)
- Tennessee (August 18, 1920)
Ratification was completed on August 18, 1920, and the following states subsequently ratified the amendment:
- Connecticut (September 14, 1920, reaffirmed on September 21, 1920)
- Vermont (February 8, 1921)
- Delaware (March 6, 1923, after being rejected on June 2, 1920)
- Maryland (March 29, 1941 after being rejected on February 24, 1920; not certified until February 25, 1958)
- Virginia (February 21, 1952, after being rejected on February 12, 1920)
- Alabama (September 8, 1953, after being rejected on September 22, 1919)
- Florida (May 13, 1969)[19]
- South Carolina (July 1, 1969, after being rejected on January 28, 1920; not certified until August 22, 1973)
- Georgia (February 20, 1970, after being rejected on July 24, 1919)
- Louisiana (June 11, 1970, after being rejected on July 1, 1920)
- North Carolina (May 6, 1971)
- Mississippi (March 22, 1984, after being rejected on March 29, 1920)
Alaska and Hawaii were not states when the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
Read Full Post | Make a Comment ( None so far )Eugen Maria Schulak and Herbert Unterköfler: The Austrian School of Economics: A History of Its Ideas, Ambassadors, and Institutions–Videos
Eugen Maria Schulak and Herbert Unterköfler:
‘The Austrian School of Economics: A History of Its Ideas, Ambassadors, and Institutions’.
Download
http://mises.org/books/Austrian_school_schulak.pdf
Preface to the English Edition
Preface
The Austrian School in Brief
- Vienna in the Mid-Nineteenth Century
- Economics as an Academic Discipline
- The Discovery of the Self: The Theory of Subjective Value
- The Emergence of the Austrian School in the Methodenstreit
- Carl Menger: Founder of the Austrian School
- Time is Money: The Austrian theory of Capital and Interest
- Friedrich von Wieser: From Economist to Social Scientist
- Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk: Economist, Minister, Aristocrat
- Emil Sax: The Recluse from Voloska
- Further Students of Menger and Other Supporters
- Money Makes the World Go Round: The Monetary theory of the Business Cycle
- Joseph A. Schumpeter: Maverick and Enigma
- Schumpeter’s theory of Economic Development
- The Austrian School’s Critique of Marxism
- The Consequences of War: The Imminent Collapse
- Between the Wars: From Re-formation to Exodus
- Ludwig von Mises: The Logician of Freedom
- Friedrich August von Hayek: Grand Seigneur on the Fence
- Other Members of the Younger Austrian School
- Praxeology: A New Start from Ludwig von Mises
- Friedrich August von Hayek’s Model of Society and His Theory of Cultural Evolution
- The Entrepreneur
- The Rejected Legacy: Austria and the Austrian School After
- The Renaissance of the old ‘Viennese’ School: The New Austrian School of Economics
“…The Austrian School is in the news as never before. It is discussed on business pages, academic journals, and speeches by public figures. At long last, there is a brilliant and engaging guide to the history, ideas, and institutions of the Austrian School of economics. It is written by two Austrian intellectuals who have gone to the sources themselves to provide a completely new look at the tradition and what it means for the future. This is the first such authoritative book that has appeared on this topic.
The Austrian School of Economics: A History of Its Ideas, Ambassadors, and Institutions, by Eugen Maria Schulak and Herbert Unterköfler appeared first in German. It has been a sensation: the first and most authoritative source on this hot topic. This new English translation by Arlene Oost-Zinner, complete with a vast scholarly apparatus of citations and bibliographies, is academic at its core but also easy-to-read, entertaining, and fascinating on every page.
They set the stage with a discussion of the culture of 19th century Vienna, and the striking innovation that came with Carl Menger’s subjective theory of value. They discuss the titanic struggle over method that took place between the Viennese Mengerians and the German Historical School.
Next comes a thrilling account of the second generation of Austrians, their politics, their theories, their personal splits, their idiosyncrasies, their debates. The cast of characters here is far larger than most people in the English-speaking world have known. The authors operate as tour guides to this world that is mostly unknown to Americans due to the remoteness of time and the differences in language.
The stories they tell of Mises in Vienna, as well as Hayek and Schumpeter, include anecdotes never known before. It is particularly interesting for Americans to read because we have mostly had to understand the history of the Austrian School based on a far more limited set of literary resources.
What emerges from the account here is the singular contribution that Mises himself made in shaping the modern Austrian School into what it is today. Here we have the highest tribute to the power of ideas. Mises left his mark in a decisive way that is right now driving political and economic change the world over.
If you are like many people, you have been curious about the Austrian School but didn’t know where to turn to discover more about it. This book is the one that makes sense of it all! …”
The Austrian School of Economics | Jörg Guido Hülsmann
The Future of Austrian Economics | Murray N. Rothbard
“This is the famous speech by Murray Rothbard given in the days following the collapse of the Soviet empire. His exuberance is palpable has he explains the meaning of it all for the place of liberty in the history of civilization. A brilliant scholar and passionate defender of Liberty, Professor Murray Rothbard (1926-1995) was dean of the Austrian School of economics, holder of the S.J. Hall Chair at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and Academic Vice President of the Ludwig von Mises Institute.
The author of 17 books and thousands of articles, the foremost Misesian economist, the father of modern freedom theory, and the most delightful personality in the profession, this great teacher here spellbinds an audience of students, faculty, and business leaders in the “Future of Austrian Economics,” at the 1990 Mises University at Stanford.
Only Austrian economics, Rothbard shows, can explain the collapse of socialism/communism and tell us what should replace it: laissez-faire capitalism. There is a lesson here as well, he shows, for dealing with the Leviathan in Washington, D.C.”
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Remembrance Day 2011
In Flanders Fields (May 1915)
“In Flanders Fields the poppies blow
Between the crosses row on row,
That mark our place; and in the sky
The larks, still bravely singing, fly
Scarce heard amid the guns below.
We are the Dead. Short days ago
We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,
Loved and were loved, and now we lie
In Flanders Fields.
Take up your quarrel with the foe:
To you from failing hands we throw
The torch; be yours to hold it high.
If ye break faith with us who die
We shall not sleep, though poppies grow
In Flanders Fields.”
– Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae (1872-1918)
Remembrance Day – Lest We Forget
Britain falls silent to remember war dead
Millions of Britons have held a two-minute silence to remember the nation’s war dead.
The tribute started at 11am, the time the guns on the Western Front fell silent at the end of the First World War in 1918.
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There are three reasons the conservative and libertarian base will not vote for Mitt Romney:
-
Romney is not a conservative or a libertarian; he is a progressive or liberal Republican–Republican In Name Only (RINO).
-
Romney is not principled; he is a flip-flopper on many issues.
-
Romney is not trusted.
Should Romney get the Republican nomination, millions of conservatives, libertarians, tea party patriots, and independents will just stay home.
The result will be Obama gets relected and the Republicans will have majorities in the House and Senate.
Gridlock.
The American People’s Solution To Economic Stagnation: Increase National Debt Ceiling By $2,000 Billion To $16,300 Billion In Exchange For Passage of A Balanced Budget Amendment And The FairTax Bills And Repealing The Income Tax 16th Amendment To U.S. Constitution–A Balanced, Fair And Transparent Approach To Creating Jobs and Growing A Peace and Prosperity Economy–Videos
Pronk Pops Show 37:July 20, 2011
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Pronk Pops Show 34:June 29, 2011
Listen To Pronk Pops Podcast or Download Shows 34-37
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Spending Restraint, Part I: Lessons from Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton
Deficits, Debts and Unfunded Liabilities: The Consequences of Excessive Government Spending
The National Debt Road Trip
How To Balance the Obama Budget
It’s Simple to Balance The Budget Without Higher Taxes
National Debt- How Much Is A Billion Dollars? Dave Walker
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We Cannot Bind a Future Congress
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A Balanced Budget Amendment: The Path to Fiscal Sanity
The Time is NOW – Balanced Budget Amendment
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Our Troubling Tax System
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Herman Cain on Taxes
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Ron Paul – THE FAIRTAX REVOLUTION
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Ron Paul Will Beat Obama In 2012
I agree with Ron Paul and Michele Bachmann that the National Debt ceiling should not be increased.
I support and have signed the cut, cap, and balance pledge.
Only if both the balanced budget amendment and FairTax bills are passed with a provision repealing the income tax 16th Amendment would I support the raising of the National Debt ceiling by an amount not exceeding $2,000 billion.
This would require the Democratic Party in both the House of Representatives and Senate to vote for this and the President signing these bills.
Barring this, the President needs to start informing nonessential government employees that their jobs have been terminated.
The priorities for Federal Government outlays should be as follows:
1. Interest on the national debt
2. Social Security
3. Medicare and Medicaid
5. Department of Treasury
6. Department of Justice
7. Department of State
8. Department of Defense (60% of total budget outlays) with salaries of military personnel on active duty paid first.
The above is about 65% of total government expenditures or outlays.
The Federal government should start selling all of its real estate asset and gold to make up any shortfall in tax revenues.
The remaining Federal Departments need to be closed and only operations that are absolutely essential should continue operating.
It should take a minimum of two to five years to have the necessary 38 states ratify the Balanced Budget Amendment and an Amendment repealing the income tax 16th Amendment to the Consitution to the United States.
Until these amendments are ratified the U.S. Federal Government budget should be balanced and the income tax replaced by the consumption tax–The FairTax.
The Budget for Fiscal Year 2012 should not exceed $3,000 billion not the proposed $3,500 billion Republican budget which has a deficit of nearly $1,000 billion.
Congress should balance the budget starting in Fiscal Year 2013 at $ 3,000 billion or less.
Time for the House of Representatives to call President Obama’s bluff.
The American people want Federal Government spending to be drastically cut and all U.S. Federal Government budgets balanced starting no later than Fiscal year 2013.
The American people want all Federal Government taxes to be replaced with a national retail consumption sales tax on all new goods and services–the FairTax.
The FairTax should go into operation on January 1, 2013 at the latest and would replace all Federal Government taxes including income, payroll, gift and estate taxes.
The time has come to call the President’s bluff.
If the Democrats vote against this, then the American people will blame them for shutting down the Federal Government.
Background Articles and Videos
Legendary investor Jim Rogers- “Ron Paul is the only politician that has a clue”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States
| Summary of Outlays, Revenues (Receipts), Deficits, Surpluses Fiscal Years 1980-2010(Nominal Dollars in Millions) | |||
| Fiscal Year | Outlays | Revenues (Receipts) | Deficits (-), Surpluses |
| 1980 | 590,941 | 517,112 | -73,830 |
| 1981 | 678,241 | 599,272 | -78,968 |
| 1982 | 745,743 | 617,766 | –127,977 |
| 1983 | 808,364 | 600,562 | -207,802 |
| 1984 | 851,805 | 666,488 | -185,367 |
| 1985 | 946,344 | 734,037 | -212,308 |
| 1986 | 990,382 | 769,155 | -221,277 |
| 1987 | 1,004,017 | 854,288 | -149,730 |
| 1988 | 1,064,417 | 854,288 | -155,178 |
| 1989 | 1,143,744 | 991,105 | -152,639 |
| 1990 | 1,252,994 | 1,031,958 | -221,036 |
| 1991 | 1,324,226 | 1,054,988 | -269,238 |
| 1992 | 1,381,529 | 1,091,208 | -290,321 |
| 1993 | 1,409,386 | 1,154,335 | -255,051 |
| 1994 | 1,461,753 | 1,258,566 | –203,186 |
| 1995 | 1,515,742 | 1,351,790 | -163,392 |
| 1996 | 1,560,484 | 1,453,053 | -107,431 |
| 1997 | 1,601,116 | 1,579,232 | -21,884 |
| 1998 | 1,652,458 | 1,721,728 | 69,270 |
| 1999 | 1,701,842 | 1,827,452 | 125,610 |
| 2000 | 1,788,950 | 2,025,191 | 236,241 |
| 2001 | 1,862,846 | 1,991,082 | 128,236 |
| 2002 | 2,010,894 | 1,853,136 | –157,758 |
| 2003 | 2,159,899 | 1,782,314 | -377,585 |
| 2004 | 2,292,841 | 1,880,114 | -412,727 |
| 2005 | 2,471,957 | 2,153,611 | -318,346 |
| 2006 | 2,655,050 | 2,406,869 | -248,181 |
| 2007 | 2,728,686 | 2,567,985 | -160,701 |
| 2008 | 2,982,544 | 2,523,991 | -458,553 |
| 2009 | 3,517,677 | 2,104,989 | -1,412,688 |
| 2010 | 3,456,213 | 2,162,724 | -1,293,489 |
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SERVICE
STAR – TREASURY FINANCIAL DATABASE
TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS, OUTLAYS AND THE DEFICIT/SURPLUS BY MONTH OF THE U.S. GOVERNMENT (IN MILLIONS)
ACCOUNTING DATE: 06/11
PERIOD RECEIPTS OUTLAYS DEFICIT/SURPLUS (-)
+ ____________________________________________________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________
PRIOR YEAR
OCTOBER 135,293 311,656 176,363
NOVEMBER 133,563 253,850 120,287
DECEMBER 218,919 310,329 91,410
JANUARY 205,239 247,873 42,634
FEBRUARY 107,520 328,429 220,909
MARCH 153,358 218,745 65,387
APRIL 245,260 327,950 82,689
MAY 146,794 282,721 135,927
JUNE 251,048 319,470 68,422
JULY 155,546 320,588 165,043
AUGUST 163,998 254,524 90,526
SEPTEMBER 245,207 279,813 34,607
YEAR-TO-DATE 2,161,746 3,455,949 1,294,204
CURRENT YEAR
OCTOBER 145,951 286,384 140,432
NOVEMBER 148,970 299,364 150,394
DECEMBER 236,875 315,009 78,134
JANUARY 226,550 276,346 49,796
FEBRUARY 110,656 333,163 222,507
MARCH 150,894 339,047 188,153
APRIL 289,543 329,929 40,387
MAY 174,936 232,577 57,641
JUNE 249,658 292,738 43,080
YEAR-TO-DATE 1,734,033 2,704,557 970,524
http://www.fms.treas.gov/mts/mts0611.txt
U.S. Federal Government Budget Receipts and Outlays
Totals Include On-Budget and Off-Budget Amounts
From Coolidge To Obama, In Billions of Dollars
| Total Budget | Percent of G.D.P. | |||||||
| President | Fiscal Year |
Receipts | Outlays | Surplus orDeficits | G.D.P. | Receipts | Outlays | Surplus orDeficit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calvin Coolidge | 1930 | 4.1 | 3.3 | 0.7 | 97.4 | 4.2 | 3.4 | .8 |
| Herbert Hoover | 1931 | 3.1 | 3.6 | -0.5 | 83.9 | 3.7 | 4.3 | -0.6 |
| 1932 | 1.9 | 4.7 | -2.7 | 67.6 | 2.8 | 6.9 | -4.9 | |
| 1933 | 2.0 | 4.6 | -2.6 | 57.6 | 3.5 | 8.0 | -4.5 | |
| F.D.Roosevelt | 1934 | 3.0 | 6.5 | -3.6 | 61.2 | 4.8 | 10.7 | -5.9 |
| 1935 | 3.6 | 6.4 | -2.8 | 69.6 | 5.2 | 9.2 | -4.0 | |
| 1936 | 3.9 | 8.2 | -4.3 | 78.5 | 5.0 | 10.5 | -5.5 | |
| 1937 | 5.4 | 7.6 | -2.2 | 87.8 | 6.1 | 8.6 | -2.5 | |
| 1938 | 6.8 | 6.8 | -0.1 | 89.0 | 7.6 | 7.7 | -0.1 | |
| 1939 | 6.3 | 9.1 | -2.8 | 89.1 | 7.1 | 10.3 | -3.2 | |
| 1940 | 6.5 | 9.5 | -2.9 | 96.8 | 6.8 | 9.8 | -3.0 | |
| 1941 | 8.7 | 13.7 | -4.9 | 114.1 | 7.6 | 12.0 | -4.3 | |
| 1942 | 14.6 | 35.1 | -20.5 | 144.3 | 10.1 | 24.3 | -14.2 | |
| 1943 | 24.0 | 78.6 | -54.6 | 180.3 | 13.3 | 43.6 | -30.3 | |
| 1944 | 43.7 | 91.3 | -47.6 | 209.2 | 20.9 | 43.6 | -22.7 | |
| 1945 | 45.2 | 92.7 | -47.6 | 221.4 | 20.4 | 41.9 | -21.5 | |
| 1946 | 39.3 | 55.2 | -15.9 | 222.6 | 17.7 | 24.8 | -7.2 | |
| Harry S.Truman | 1947 | 38.5 | 34.5 | 4.0 | 233.2 | 16.5 | 14.8 | 1.7 |
| 1948 | 41.6 | 29.8 | 11.8 | 256.6 | 16.2 | 6.9 | 4.6 | |
| 1949 | 39.4 | 38.8 | 0.6 | 271.3 | 14.5 | 14.3 | 0.2 | |
| 1950 | 39.4 | 38.8 | 0.6 | 273.1 | 14.4 | 15.6 | -1.1 | |
| 1951 | 51.6 | 45.5 | 6.1 | 320.2 | 16.1 | 14.2 | 1.9 | |
| 1952 | 66.2 | 67.7 | -1.5 | 348.7 | 19.0 | 19.4 | -0.3 | |
| 1953 | 60.7 | 70.9 | -6.5 | 372.5 | 18.7 | 20.4 | -1.7 | |
| D.D.Eisenhower | 1954 | 69.7 | 70.9 | -1.2 | 377.0 | 18.5 | 18.8 | -0.3 |
| 1955 | 65.5 | 68.4 | -3.07 | 395.9 | 16.5 | 17.3 | -.8 | |
| 1956 | 74.6 | 70.6 | 3.9 | 427.0 | 17.5 | 16.5 | 0.9 | |
| 1957 | 80.0 | 76.6 | 3.4 | 450.9 | 17.7 | 17.0 | 0.8 | |
| 1958 | 79.6 | 82.4 | -2.8 | 460.0 | 17.3 | 17.9 | -0.6 | |
| 1959 | 79.2 | 92.1 | -12.8 | 490.2 | 16.2 | 18.8 | -2.6 | |
| 1960 | 92.5 | 92.2 | 0.3 | 518.9 | 17.8 | 17.8 | 0.1 | |
| 1961 | 94.4 | 97.7 | -3.3 | 529.9 | 17.8 | 18.4 | -1.3 | |
| John F.Kennedy | 1962 | 99.7 | 106.8 | -4.8 | 567.8 | 17.6 | 18.8 | -1.3 |
| 1963 | 106.6 | 111.3 | -4.8 | 599.2 | 17.8 | 18.4 | -0.6 | |
| Lyndon B.Johnson | 1964 | 112.6 | 118.5 | -5.9 | 641.5 | 17.6 | 18.5 | -0.9 |
| 1965 | 116.8 | 118.2 | -1.4 | 687.5 | 17.0 | 17.2 | -0.2 | |
| 1966 | 130.8 | 134.5 | -3.7 | 755.8 | 17.3 | 17.8 | -0.5 | |
| 1967 | 148.8 | 157.5 | -8.6 | 810.0 | 18.4 | 19.4 | -1.1 | |
| 1968 | 153.0 | 178.1 | -25.2 | 868.4 | 17.6 | 20.5 | -2.9 | |
| 1969 | 186.9 | 183.6 | 3.2 | 948.1 | 19.7 | 19.4 | -0.3 | |
| Richard N.Nixon | 1970 | 192.8 | 195.6 | -2.8 | 1,012.7 | 19.0 | 19.3 | -0.3 |
| 1971 | 187.1 | 210.2 | -23.0 | 1,080.0 | 17.3 | 19.5 | -2.1 | |
| 1972 | 207.3 | 230.7 | -23.4 | 1,176.5 | 17.6 | 19.6 | -2.0 | |
| 1973 | 230.8 | 245.7 | -14.9 | 1,310.6 | 17.6 | 18.7 | -1.1 | |
| 1974 | 263.2 | 269.4 | -6.1 | 1,438.5 | 18.3 | 18.7 | -0.4 | |
| Gerald R.Ford | 1975 | 279.1 | 332.3 | -53.2 | 1,560.2 | 17.9 | 21.3 | -3.4 |
| 1976 | 298.1 | 371.8 | -73.7 | 1,738.16 | 17.1 | 21.4 | -4.2 | |
| TQ | 81.2 | 96.0 | -14.7 | 459.4 | 17.7 | 20.0 | -3.2 | |
| 1977 | 355.6 | 409.2 | -53.7 | 1,973.5 | 18.0 | 20.7 | -2.7 | |
| Jimmy Carter | 1978 | 399.6 | 458.7 | -59.2 | 2,217.5 | 18.0 | 20.7 | -2.7 |
| 1979 | 463.3 | 504.0 | -40.7 | 2,501.4 | 18.5 | 20.1 | -1.6 | |
| 1980 | 517.1 | 590.9 | -73.8 | 2,724.2 | 19.0 | 21.7 | -2.7 | |
| 1981 | 599.3 | 678.2 | -79.0 | 3,057.0 | 19.6 | 22.2 | -2.6 | |
| Ronald Reagan | 1982 | 617.8 | 745.7 | -128.0 | 3,223.7 | 19.2 | 23.1 | -4.0 |
| 1983 | 600.6 | 808.4 | -207.8 | 3,440.7 | 17.5 | 23.5 | -6.0 | |
| 1984 | 666.4 | 851.8 | -185.4 | 3,844.4 | 17.3 | 22.2 | -4.8 | |
| 1985 | 734.0 | 946.3 | -212.3 | 4,146.3 | 17.7 | 22.8 | -5.1 | |
| Ronald Reagan | 1986 | 769.2 | 990.4 | -212.2 | 4,403.9 | 17.5 | 22.5 | -4.9 |
| 1987 | 854.3 | 1,004.0 | -149.7 | 4,651.4 | 18.4 | 21.6 | -3.2 | |
| 1988 | 909.2 | 1,064.4 | -155.2 | 5,008.5 | 18.2 | 21.3 | -3.0 | |
| 1989 | 991.1 | 1,143.7 | -152.6 | 5,399.5 | 18.4 | 21.2 | -4.9 | |
| George H.W.Bush | 1990 | 1,032.0 | 1,253.0 | -221.0 | 5,734.5 | 18.0 | 21.9 | -3.9 |
| 1991 | 1,055.0 | 1,324.2 | -269.2 | 5,930.5 | 17.8 | 22.3 | -4.5 | |
| 1992 | 1,091.2 | 1,381.5 | -290.3 | 6,242.0 | 17.5 | 22.1 | -4.7 | |
| 1993 | 1,154.3 | 1,409.4 | -255.1 | 6,587.3 | 17.5 | 21.4 | -3.9 | |
| William J. Clinton | 1994 | 1,258.6 | 1,461.8 | -203.2 | 6,976.6 | 2.8 | 6.9 | -4.9 |
| 1995 | 1,351.8 | 1,515.8 | -164.0 | 7,341.1 | 18.4 | 20.6 | -2.2 | |
| 1996 | 1,453.1 | 1,560.5 | -107.4 | 7,718.3 | 18.8 | 20.2 | -1.4 | |
| 1997 | 1,579.2 | 1,601.1 | -21.9 | 8,211.7 | 19.2 | 19.5 | -0.3 | |
| William J. Clinton | 1998 | 1,721.7 | 1,652.5 | 69.3 | 67.6 | 19.9 | 19.1 | 0.8 |
| 1999 | 1,827.5 | 1,701.8 | 125.6 | 9,208.4 | 19.8 | 18.5 | 1.4 | |
| 2000 | 2,025.2 | 1,789.0 | 236.2 | 9,821.0 | 20.6 | 18.2 | 2.4 | |
| 2001 | 1,991.1 | 1,862.9 | 128.2 | 10,225.3 | 19.5 | 18.2 | 1.3 | |
| George W.Bush | 2002 | 1,853.1 | 2,010.9 | -157.8 | 10,543.9 | 17.6 | 19.1 | -1.5 |
| 2003 | 1,782.3 | 2,159.9 | -377.6 | 10,979.8 | 16.2 | 19.7 | -3.4 | |
| 2004 | 1,880.1 | 2,292.9 | -412.7 | 11,685.6 | 16.1 | 19.6 | -3.5 | |
| 2005 | 2,153.6 | 2,472.0 | -318.3 | 12,445.7 | 17.3 | 19.9 | -2.6 | |
| George W.Bush | 2006 | 2,406.0 | 2,655.1 | -248.2 | 13,224.9 | 18.2 | 20.1 | -1.9 |
| 2007 | 2,568.0 | 2,728.7 | -160.7 | 13,896.0 | 18.5 | 19.6 | -1.2 | |
| 2008 | 2,524.0 | 2,982.6 | -458.6 | 14,439.0 | 17.5 | 20.7 | -3.2 | |
| 2009 | 2,105.0 | 3,517.7 | -1,412.7 | 14,237.2 | 14.8 | 24.7 | -9.9 | |
| Barack H.Obama | 2010 | 2,165.1 | 3,720.7 | -1,555.6 | 14,623.9 | 14.8 | 25.4 | -10.6 |
| estimates | 2011 | 2,567.2 | 3,833.9 | -1,266.7 | 15,299.0 | 16.8 | 25.1 | -8.3 |
| estimates | 2012 | 2,926.4 | 3,754.9 | -828.5 | 16,203.3 | 18.1 | 23.2 | -5.1 |
Prior to fiscal year 1977 the Federal fiscal years began on July 1 and ended on June 30. For example, John F. Kennedy assumed office on January 20, 1961, but the FY 1961 budget was prepared by the Eisenhower Administration.
In calendar year 1976 the July-September period was a separate accounting period (known as the transition quarter or TQ) to bridge the period required to shift to the new fiscal year.
The Fiscal Year begins on October 1 of the previous year. For example, Fiscal Year 2012 begins on October 1, 2011. For this reason, budget years appear to not correspond with a president’s administration. For example, Barack H. Obama took office in January 2009, but the FY 2009 budget was prepared by the Bush Administration.
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Lawrence of Arabia–Videos
UPDATED October 15, 2013
Lawrence of Arabia part 1
Lawrence of Arabia : part 2
T E Lawrence and Arabia. BBC documentary pt 1 of 7
T E Lawrence and Arabia. BBC documentary pt 2 of 7
T E Lawrence and Arabia. BBC documentary pt 3 of 7
T E Lawrence and Arabia. BBC documentary pt 4 of 7
T E Lawrence and Arabia. BBC documentary pt 5 of 7
T E Lawrence and Arabia. BBC documentary pt 6 of 7
T E Lawrence and Arabia. BBC documentary pt 7 of 7
T.E. Lawrence
Lawrence of Arabia – Part 1 of 26
Lawrence of Arabia – Part2 of 26
Lawrence of Arabia – Part 3 of 26
Lawrence of Arabia – Part 4 of 26
Lawrence of Arabia – Part 5 of 26
Lawrence of Arabia – Part6 of 26
Lawrence of Arabia – Part 7 of 26
Lawrence of Arabia – Part 8 of 26
Lawrence of Arabia – Part9 of 26
Lawrence of Arabia – Part 10 of 26
Lawrence of Arabia – Part 11 of 26
Lawrence of Arabia – Part 12 of 26
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Lawrence of Arabia – Part 14 of 26
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Read Full Post | Make a Comment ( None so far )Noam Chomsky–Noam Chomsky–Propaganda and Control of The Public Mind–Videos
Noam Chomsky – Propaganda and Control of The Public Mind Part 1 of 7
Noam Chomsky – Propaganda and Control of The Public Mind Part 2 of 7
Noam Chomsky – Propaganda and Control of The Public Mind Part 3 of 7
Noam Chomsky – Propaganda and Control of The Public Mind Part 4 of 7
Noam Chomsky – Propaganda and Control of The Public Mind Part 5 of 7
Noam Chomsky – Propaganda and Control of The Public Mind Part 6 of 7
Noam Chomsky – Propaganda and Control of The Public Mind Part 7 of 7
Background Articles and Videos
Noam Chomsky
“…Avram Noam Chomsky (pronounced /ˌnoʊm ˈtʃɒmski/; born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher,[2][3] cognitive scientist, and political activist. He is an Institute Professor and professor emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[4] Chomsky is well known in the academic and scientific community as one of the fathers of modern linguistics.[5][6][7] Since the 1960s, he has become known more widely as a political dissident and an anarchist.[8]
In the 1950s, Chomsky began developing his theory of generative grammar, which has undergone numerous revisions and has had a profound influence on linguistics. His approach to the study of language emphasizes “an innate set of linguistic principles shared by all humans” known as universal grammar, “the initial state of the language learner,” and discovering an “account for linguistic variation via the most general possible mechanisms.”[9] He elaborated on these ideas in 1957’s Syntactic Structures, which then laid the groundwork for the concept of transformational grammar. He also established the Chomsky hierarchy, a classification of formal languages in terms of their generative power. In 1959, Chomsky published a widely influential review of B. F. Skinner’s theoretical book Verbal Behavior. In this review and other writings, Chomsky broadly and aggressively challenged the behaviorist approaches to studies of behavior and language dominant at the time, and contributed to the cognitive revolution in psychology. His naturalistic[10] approach to the study of language has influenced the philosophy of language and mind.[9]
Beginning with his opposition to the Vietnam War, first articulated in his 1967 essay “The Responsibility of Intellectuals” and later extended in his American Power and the New Mandarins (1969), Chomsky established himself as a prominent critic of U.S. foreign and domestic policy. He has since become an outspoken political commentator and a dedicated activist; he is a self-declared anarcho-syndicalist[11] and a libertarian socialist. His social criticism has also included an analysis of the mass media; his Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (1988), co-written with Edward S. Herman, articulated the propaganda model theory for examining the media.
According to the Arts and Humanities Citation Index in 1992, Chomsky was cited as a source more often than any other living scholar during the 1980–92 period, and was the eighth most-cited source.[12][13][14] He is also considered a prominent cultural figure.[15] At the same time, his status as a leading critic of U.S. foreign policy has made him controversial. [16]
…”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky
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Songs
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Read Full Post | Make a Comment ( None so far )Don McLean–Videos
“This world was never meant for one as beautiful as you”
Don mclean – American pie (live)
Crying – Don McLean